Knowledgeable Research A Multidisciplinary Journal
Knowledgeable Research (KR), (ISSN: 2583-6633) CODEN: KRABAU an International open-access peer-reviewed refereed monthly journal publishes quality-oriented articles and research papers on Education, Humanities, Social Sciences, Science, Tourism, Hospitality and Management, Linguistics, Information, and Communication Technology, Business, and others. Knowledgeable Research (KR) provides immediate open access to its content on the principle of making research freely accessible to scholars and academicians for a greater global exchange of knowledge. Frequency: Monthly
Society for Academic Facilitation and Extension (Regd.) 53-Karamchari Nagar, Bareilly, 243001 (UP) India
Efficacy of Biofungicides and Botanical Extracts Against Wilt Disease in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
Three biological treatments (Trichoderma harzianum, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens) and three plant extracts (garlic, neem, turmeric) were tested against tomato wilt in the lab and in field trials at Kanpur, India (Kharif 2023–24), using a randomized block design with 8 treatments × 3 replications. Bacillus subtilis (T3) performed best overall largest inhibition zone (16.2 mm) and lowest disease incidence (28.6%), close to the chemical standard (T8, 22.4%). T. harzianum (T2, 32.1%) and P. fluorescens (T4, 36.4%) were also effective. Neem (38.9%) beat garlic (44.7%) and turmeric (51.2%) among the extracts. All biological agents boosted growth and yield, with T3 and T2 giving the highest yields (40.2 and 38.6 t/ha vs. 18.4 t/ha for untreated). B. subtilis and T. harzianum are recommended as the core of an eco-friendly wilt-control programme, with plant extracts as organic-friendly backups
Fusarium wilt,, Trichoderma harzianum, Bacillus subtilis, botanical antifungals.
Sunil Kumar Singh,Alka Kushwaha and Piyush Mishra
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Impact of Fertilizer Applications on Growth and Yield of Leafy Vegetable Crops under Mixed Crop-Livestock Systems
Fertilizer use plays a critical role in leafy vegetable productivity, but excessive reliance on chemical fertilizers can degrade soil health and reduce long-term sustainability. Mixed crop-livestock (MCL) systems, incorporating organic manure with or without reduced synthetic inputs, offer an integrated approach that enhances nutrient cycling and improves crop yield sustainably. In this study, three leafy vegetables—amaranthus (Amaranthus sp.), spinach (Spinacia oleracea), and lettuce (Lactuca sativa)—were grown under seven fertilizer treatments: control, urea, NPK, compost, farmyard manure (FYM), vermicompost, and integrated fertilizer management (50% urea + 50% compost). Growth parameters measured included fresh weight and number of leaves per plant. Results revealed that integrated treatment produced the highest fresh weight values across crops (210 g/plant in lettuce, 175 g/plant in spinach, and 165 g/plant in amaranthus), representing yield increases of 85–120% over control treatments. Vermicompost ranked second, achieving 15–25% higher fresh weight than sole chemical fertilizers. Leaf number was enhanced by 30–45% under vermicompost and integrated treatments compared to urea or NPK alone. Chemical fertilizers improved fresh weight but were less effective in enhancing leaf number compared to organic amendments. These findings underscore the potential of integrated nutrient management for sustaining leafy vegetable production in MCL systems while maintaining soil health and reducing environmental impacts.
leafy vegetables, fertilizers, mixed crop-livestock, vermicompost, integrated nutrient management, amaranthus, spinach, lettuce
Copyright (c) 2022 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Chromium Toxicity in Crop Plants: Mechanisms, Physiological Responses, and Remediation Strategies: A Review
Chromium (Cr) contamination has emerged as a serious environmental concern driven by rapid industrialization and diverse anthropogenic activities. Chromium enters agricultural soils and water systems primarily through effluents from leather tanning, electroplating, metal processing, pigment manufacturing, and mining operations. Among its various oxidation states, hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] is considerably more toxic, mobile, and bioavailable than its trivalent counterpart [Cr(III)], with Cr(VI) being absorbed more readily by plants and forming free radicals during intracellular reduction. Elevated chromium concentrations adversely affect seed germination, plant growth, photosynthesis, mineral nutrition, water relations, and cellular metabolism across diverse crop species including wheat, rice, maize, sunflower, and legumes. A key mechanism underlying this phytotoxicity is the induction of oxidative stress via the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), including superoxide radicals (O₂⁻), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), and hydroxyl radicals (OH·), leading to membrane damage through lipid peroxidation, protein degradation, and DNA alterations. In response, crop plants deploy a range of physiological and biochemical defenses, most notably the upregulation of antioxidant enzyme systems including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX). Certain plant species capable of accumulating and tolerating chromium, such as Brassica juncea, Helianthus annuus, Sorghum bicolor, and Vetiveria zizanioides, hold significant promise for phytoremediation applications. Recent advances have identified novel amelioration strategies including the application of nanoparticles, plant growth regulators, chelating agents, and beneficial microorganisms that enhance chromium tolerance and remediation efficiency. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the sources, environmental distribution, uptake mechanisms, physiological and biochemical impacts, and remediation strategies associated with chromium toxicity in crop plants, with emphasis on molecular mechanisms and practical applications for sustainable agriculture.
Chromium toxicity, Heavy metals, Oxidative stress, Crop plants, Phytoremediation, Chromium uptake, Antioxidant enzymes, ROS generation
Effect of Different Solvents on Extraction Yield of Medicinal Plants
The selection of an appropriate extraction solvent is a critical determinant of the quality and quantity of bioactive compounds recovered from medicinal plants. This study evaluated the effect of five solvents — water, 70% ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane — on the extraction yield and phytochemical profile of three widely used Indian medicinal plants: Azadirachta indica (neem), Ocimum sanctum (tulsi), and Curcuma longa (turmeric). Dried plant material was subjected to maceration at room temperature for 72 hours, followed by filtration, evaporation, and gravimetric yield determination. Phytochemical screening was performed to identify the classes of compounds present in each extract. Results demonstrated that methanolic extracts consistently yielded the highest extractable mass (ranging from 16.9% to 21.3%), while hexane extracts produced the lowest yields (4.7% to 7.8%). Polar solvents preferentially extracted phenolics, flavonoids, and alkaloids, whereas non-polar solvents were selective for terpenoids and fatty acids. Ethanol (70%) offered a practically advantageous balance of yield, safety, and broad-spectrum extraction. These findings provide evidence-based guidance for the optimisation of solvent selection in medicinal plant research and pharmaceutical applications.
solvent polarity; phytochemical extraction; Azadirachta indica; Ocimum sanctum; Curcuma longa; extraction yield; maceration; bioactive compounds.
Role of Aquatic Macrophytes in Water Quality Improvement
Water pollution is one of the major environmental challenges affecting freshwater ecosystems worldwide. Aquatic macrophytes, which include submerged, floating, and emergent aquatic plants, play a vital role in maintaining water quality through nutrient uptake, pollutant removal, and habitat enhancement. The present study evaluates the effectiveness of selected aquatic macrophytes in improving water quality parameters in freshwater systems. Common macrophytes such as Eichhornia crassipes, Lemna minor, and Typha latifolia were assessed for their capacity to reduce nutrient loads and organic pollutants. The findings indicate that aquatic macrophytes significantly improve water quality by reducing nitrate, phosphate, and biological oxygen demand while increasing dissolved oxygen levels. These results highlight the importance of aquatic vegetation in sustainable water resource management and ecological restoration.
Aquatic macrophytes, water quality, phytoremediation, freshwater ecosystem, nutrient removal, aquatic plants.
Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Phytoremediation Potential of Aquatic Plants in Polluted Water Bodies
The present study investigated the pollutant removal efficiency of five common aquatic macrophytes Eichhornia crassipes, Lemna minor, Pistia stratiotes, Typha latifolia and Phragmites australis—against selected physicochemical and heavy-metal parameters in laboratory mesocosm experiments over a 30-day exposure period. Influent water samples were collected from an agriculturally-impacted lake and a peri-urban drain. Results demonstrated statistically significant reductions (p < 0.05) in biochemical oxygen demand (BOD, 77.3%), chemical oxygen demand (COD, 76.1%), total nitrogen (77.4%), total phosphorus (80.6%), and heavy metals including lead (89.0%) and cadmium (92.4%). E. crassipes and P. australis exhibited the highest overall removal capacities. Findings suggest that constructed wetland systems incorporating these species hold strong promise for sustainable wastewater management in developing-country contexts.
phytoremediation, aquatic macrophytes, heavy metals, constructed wetlands, water quality, bioremediation, eutrophication
Sunil Kumar, Alka Kushwaha and Piyush Mishra
Antifungal Efficacy of Neem and Garlic Extracts Against Fusarium oxysporum
Fusarium oxysporum is a soil fungus that causes serious wilt disease in crops like tomato, chickpea, watermelon, and banana. Because chemical fungicides raise concerns about residues, resistance, and environmental harm, researchers have explored plant-based alternatives. This paper reviews published lab studies testing neem (Azadirachta indica) and garlic (Allium sativum) extracts against F. oxysporum, mainly using the poisoned food technique, diffusion assays, and MIC tests, and outlines the standard testing protocol used. Across studies, both extracts inhibit fungal growth in a dose-dependent way: neem can reach 100% inhibition at 50–75% concentration, while garlic reaches similar or better results at much lower concentrations, thanks to its compound allicin. The paper discusses why results vary between studies and what this means for eco-friendly disease management.
Fusarium oxysporum; Azadirachta indica; Allium sativum; antifungal activity; botanical fungicide; mycelial growth inhibition; poisoned food technique
Piyush Mishra, Sunil Kumar Singh, and Alka Kushwaha
Copyright (c) 2023 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effect of Medicinal Plant Extracts on Mung Bean (Vigna radiata) Seed Germination
Seed germination is a critical physiological stage that determines crop establishment, vigor, and final yield. With the growing emphasis on eco-friendly and chemical-free agricultural practices, herbal extracts derived from plants such as neem (Azadirachta indica), garlic (Allium sativum), aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis), and tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) have gained attention as potential natural seed treatments. This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of different herbal extracts on the germination rate, germination percentage, and early seedling growth of mung bean (Vigna radiata) seeds. Seeds were soaked in aqueous extracts of neem, garlic, aloe vera, and tulsi at a fixed concentration, alongside a distilled-water control, and germination parameters were recorded over a seven-day period under controlled laboratory conditions. Results indicated that aloe vera and tulsi extracts significantly enhanced germination percentage and seedling vigor compared to the control, while neem extract showed a moderate inhibitory effect at higher concentrations, likely due to its bioactive compounds such as azadirachtin. Garlic extract produced intermediate results, promoting root growth but slightly delaying the onset of germination. These findings suggest that herbal extracts can be selectively used as natural seed priming agents, offering a sustainable alternative to synthetic growth promoters, though their effect is concentration- and species-dependent.
Germination rate, herbal extracts, seed priming, Vigna radiata, sustainable agriculture, natural growth promoters.
Alka Kushwaha, Piyush Mishra and Sunil Kumar Singh
BUILDING A SKILLED AND INCLUSIVE SOCIETY THROUGH ADULT EDUCATION
In a world rapidly shifting towards digital economies, Nigerian youth face a unique paradox: high unemployment rates alongside expanding opportunities in the digital sector. This article investigates the behavioral drivers behind youth unemployment in Nigeria and their implications for sustainable participation in the digital economy. Key behavioral factors, such as skills mismatch, limited digital literacy, cultural preference for traditional career paths, and low entrepreneurial drive, are identified as major obstacles. These challenges are compounded by structural barriers, including inadequate digital infrastructure, educational system limitations, and restrictive policy frameworks, which further limit young people’s ability to engage in digital work. This paper further highlights the importance of behavior-oriented approaches to address these barriers and enable Nigerian youth to thrive in tech-driven fields. The article advocates for a multi-pronged strategy encompassing digital skills development programs, educational reform, private sector involvement, and community-based initiatives to build both technical competencies and adaptive mindsets. The paper projects that sustainable participation in Nigeria’s digital economy requires more than just skill acquisition; it demands a shift in attitudes, greater entrepreneurial ambition, and enhanced adaptability. This holistic approach offers a pathway to reducing youth unemployment and supporting economic growth in an era where digital readiness is key to resilience.
adult, education, skill, society, inclusive
Dr. Dorathy C. Nweke and Dr. Telema Amachree
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Behavioural Drivers of Youth Unemployment: Implications for Sustainable Participation in the Digital Economy
Youth Unemployment, Social Sustainability, Digital Economy, Sustainable Development, Economic Participation
Department of Adult Education and Community Development Faculty of Education, Rivers State University
The rapid advancement of smart technologies has transformed industrial operations and created new demands for technical skills in the modern workforce. This paper examines the incorporation of smart technologies into Electrical/Electronic training programmes in Nigeria. It highlights the importance of technologies such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT), robotics, automation systems, simulation software, and digital learning platforms in improving technical education and skill acquisition. The paper discusses the benefits of integrating smart technologies, including enhanced practical learning, improved employability, innovation, entrepreneurship development, and alignment with Industry 4.0 requirements. It also identifies major challenges affecting implementation, such as inadequate funding, obsolete facilities, shortage of skilled instructors, poor infrastructure, and limited technological resources. Furthermore, the study outlines strategies for effective integration, including curriculum modernization, government investment, teacher retraining, industry collaboration, establishment of smart laboratories, and improved internet and power supply. The paper concludes that integrating smart technologies into Electrical/Electronic training programmes is essential for producing competent graduates capable of supporting Nigeria’s industrialization, technological advancement, and sustainable economic development.
Smart Technologies, Electrical/Electronic Training, TVET, Industry 4.0, Artificial Intelligence, Nigeria
Influence of Environmental Education on Community Awareness in Nigeria
Environmental degradation resulting from pollution, deforestation, poor waste management, oil spillage, and climate change has become a major challenge in Nigeria. This paper examined the influence of environmental education on community awareness in Nigeria. The study discussed the concepts of environmental education and community awareness, as well as methods of promoting environmental education through school curricula, media campaigns, community sensitization programmes, adult education, religious organizations, and non-governmental organizations. The paper revealed that environmental education significantly improves environmental knowledge, promotes positive behavioural change, encourages community participation in conservation activities, and supports sustainable resource management. However, challenges such as poor funding, inadequate instructional materials, low literacy levels, and weak policy implementation hinder effective environmental education in Nigeria.The paper concluded that environmental education is essential for promoting environmental consciousness and sustainable development in Nigeria. It recommended stronger government support, improved environmental literacy programmes, and increased stakeholder collaboration in environmental awareness campaigns.
: Environmental Education, Community Awareness, Environmental Sustainability, Nigeria
Innovative Management Approaches for Enhancing the Sustainability of Adult Education Centres in Nigeria
Adult education centres play a vital role in promoting literacy, vocational skills acquisition, civic awareness, and lifelong learning among adults who were unable to complete formal education. In Nigeria, these centres are essential instruments for human capital development, poverty reduction, and social inclusion. However, their sustainability is increasingly threatened by challenges such as inadequate funding, poor infrastructure, shortage of trained facilitators, weak policy implementation, low public awareness, and limited integration of modern technologies. This paper examines innovative management approaches for enhancing the sustainability of adult education centres in Nigeria. Using a conceptual review approach, the study explores strategic leadership, public–private partnerships, ICT integration, community participation, performance-based management, diversification of funding sources, and capacity building as key strategies for improving efficiency and long-term viability. The study argues that traditional bureaucratic management systems are no longer sufficient to meet the evolving demands of adult education in a dynamic socio-economic environment. It concludes that the adoption of innovative management practices will significantly enhance the relevance, effectiveness, and sustainability of adult education centres in Nigeria, thereby strengthening their contribution to national development.
Adult education, sustainability, innovative management, lifelong learning, Nigeria, human capital development
Dr. Chukwunweike Barnabas ONYESOM and OVIAWE, Isoken Iyore
Role of Adult Education Programmes in Promoting Skills Acquisition and Women Empowerment in Rural Communities in Rivers state
This study examines the role of adult education programmes in promoting skills acquisition and women empowerment in rural communities of Rivers State. Adult education has become a critical instrument for addressing challenges such as illiteracy, poverty, unemployment, and gender inequality, particularly among rural women who often have limited access to formal education and economic opportunities. The study highlights how adult education programmes provide women with functional literacy, vocational training, entrepreneurial skills, and health education necessary for improving their socio-economic well-being.The paper conceptualizes adult education as a lifelong learning process that equips adults with knowledge, skills, values, and attitudes for personal and community development, while skills acquisition is seen as a means of developing practical and income-generating competencies for self-reliance Findings from the study reveal that adult education programmes significantly contribute to economic self-reliance, poverty reduction, improved literacy levels, enhanced employment opportunities, entrepreneurial development, social inclusion, and improved family welfare among rural women. The study concludes that strengthening adult education programmes through improved funding, capacity building, partnerships, and policy support is essential for achieving sustainable women empowerment and rural development. It recommends that government and stakeholders intensify efforts to expand access to adult education and skills acquisition programmes as a strategy for promoting inclusive growth and socio-economic transformation.
Adult education, skills acquisition, women empowerment, rural development, Rivers State.
Political Treaties: An Analysis in the Contemporary Perspective
The ancient Indian political thinker Kamandaka composed the Nitisara, a distinguished treatise on political science that occupies a prominent place alongside the Arthashastra of Kautilya. The Nitisara is generally dated either to the Gupta period (around the 5th century CE) or to the period between the 6th and 7th centuries CE. Acknowledging Kautilya as his preceptor, Kamandaka pays tribute to him through invocatory verses at the beginning of the text and develops the framework of the Nitisara primarily from the fundamental principles of the Arthashastra. While presenting a concise version of Kautilya's political philosophy, he also incorporates his own original ideas in poetic form. Essentially, the Nitisara is a Sanskrit treatise on political science that discusses numerous aspects of statecraft, including the classification of treaties (Sandhi), the Saptanga Theory of the State, the nature and qualities of a king, and various principles of governance. According to Kautilya, when a king considers himself weaker than his enemy, it is prudent to enter into a treaty. Kamandaka elaborates this concept with remarkable precision and identifies sixteen different types of treaties, most of which were also recognized by political thinkers such as Shukra and Kautilya. Although the sage Yajnavalkya emphasized the importance of treaties in safeguarding political interests, he did not classify their different forms. Among the nineteen chapters (Sargas) of the Nitisara, the ninth chapter, entitled "Sandhi Vikalpam" (The Classification of Treaties), provides a comprehensive and systematic exposition of the concept of treaties. The present paper discusses the institution of treaties on the basis of this chapter, highlighting their significance and relevance from both historical and contemporary political perspectives.
Kamandakiya Nitisara, Political Treaties (Sandhi), Kautilya, Ancient Indian Political Thought, Diplomacy.
The Role of Self-Help Groups in Women's Empowerment: A Special Reference to Salarpur Development Block of Badaun District
Women's empowerment is essential for achieving sustainable and inclusive development in any nation. In India, Self-Help Groups (SHGs) have emerged as an effective instrument for promoting the economic, social, and political empowerment of women. The primary objective of the present study is to examine the impact of Self-Help Groups on the socio-economic empowerment of women in the Salarpur Development Block of Badaun District. The study analyzes the economic status, savings behavior, employment opportunities, decision-making capacity, and social awareness of women associated with SHGs. It is based on both primary and secondary data. Salarpur Development Block of Badaun District was selected as the study area. Under the research methodology, 225 rural women associated with Self-Help Groups were selected through purposive sampling, and data were collected using a structured interview schedule. The findings reveal that women participating in SHGs in the Salarpur Development Block have experienced significant improvements in their economic and social status. By accessing credit through SHGs, women have established cottage industries, engaged in animal husbandry, and initiated various self-employment activities. These initiatives have increased their income, enhanced their self-confidence, and strengthened their role within both the family and society.
Indian Economy, Self-Help Groups (SHGs), Women's Empowerment, Self-Reliance, Credit, Cottage Industries.
Dr. Vikrant Upadhyay and Dr. Neetu Gupta
IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ON POSTGRADUATE STUDENTS
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become an important technological tool in higher education, transforming the way students learn, conduct research, and complete academic tasks. This study examines the impact of Artificial Intelligence on postgraduate students by analyzing its usage, benefits, challenges, and overall perception among learners. Data were collected from 50 postgraduate students through a structured questionnaire.​The findings reveal that AI tools are widely used for assignments, research, examination preparation, and accessing study materials. Students generally perceive AI as beneficial for improving academic performance, enhancing learning efficiency, and supporting personalized learning. However, concerns regarding overdependence on technology, reduced critical thinking, plagiarism, and inaccurate information were also identified. The study concludes that Artificial Intelligence has a predominantly positive impact on postgraduate students, provided that it is used responsibly and supported by proper academic guidelines
Artificial Intelligence, Data, Academic guidelines, Postgraduate Students
Realistic Depiction of Politics in Vikramacharita Akhyana
Prof. Radhavallabh Tripathi, born in the Rajgarh district of Madhya Pradesh, has served as the Vice-Chancellor of the Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan (New Delhi). Among the major works authored by him are Adikavi Valmiki (1976), Lokadharmi Parampara of Sanskrit Poetry (1976, 1999), Kavyashastra and Kavya (1987), Lectures on Natyashastra (1992), Natyashastra and the World Stage (1988), and Natyashastra Vishvakosha (in four volumes, 1999). These are among his prominent critical and literary-theoretical works. In the field of literature, his important creations include Rotikalahari (a lyrical poem), Abhinava Shuka Saptati (a collection of stories), Prekshanam Saptakam (street plays), Karuna (a short novel), Anyaccha (a novel), and Vikramacharitam (an Akhyana or narrative poem). Owing to his extensive and outstanding literary contributions, he has been honoured with several prestigious awards. The Vikramacharitam composed by him is an Akhyana (narrative work) divided into nine chapters (Ucchvāsas). Although it is written in the traditional Puranic style, its subject matter vividly expresses the political and social problems of the modern age. Thus, the work presents a realistic portrayal of contemporary politics and society.
Śūkara (Boar) Durgamavana (Dense Forest) Maithunāni (Sexual Relations) Pūtikīrti (Ill Fame) Svamātṛn (One's Own Mother) Chūkara Pariṣad (Assembly/Council) Khaṇakhaṇāyate (Resounding)
Dr. Mahavir Prasad Sahu and Dr. Kalpana Shrangi
Gender Stratification and Feminism in English Literature
This research paper illustrates gender stratification and feminism in Indian and foreign English literature. By scrutinizing a selection of various novels and plays by prominent authors such as Arthur Miller, Virginia Woolf, Toni Morrison, Vijay Tendulkar, Arundhati Roy, and others, this paper explores how the aforementioned authors dwell upon issues such as male dominance, gender inequality, feminism, and sexual exploitation in society. The study highlights the diverse experiences and struggles of women globally, reflecting the complex socio-cultural landscape. By inspecting different works of English literature, this paper reveals contrasting themes such as resistance against patriarchy, the exploration of self, and the assertion of female agency. The analysis offers insights into the evolving representation of women, influenced by factors such as caste, class, and globalization. This probe contributes to the broader feminist discourse, emphasizing the role of literature in challenging and remodeling gender dynamics.
Gender Stratification, Feminism, English Literature, Patriarchy, Female Agency
Determination of Jones-Wilkins-Lee equation of state parameters using artificial neural network;Accuracy verification by coupled with experiment and numerical simulation
A method for determining the JWL parameters and the detonation parameters using artificial neural networks is presented. The JWL EOS parameters and detonation parameters were collected according to composition of explosives, density and formation heat for 91 materials. The neural network model consists of the input, layer, output layer and hidden layer, and used the Neural Network Fitting Tool of Matlab, and Levenberg-Marquardt backpropagation algorithm was used for network training.The rational neural network architecture has 237, 179 and 72 neurons in three hidden layers, respectively, and the fit is reasonably good for for training, validation, and test sets, with R values in each case of above 0.99. The JWL EOS parameters were predicted for some explosives, 95RDX/3WAX/2stearic acid, 60TNT/24RDX/16Al, and 50AP/25Al/25RDX.Using trained neural network, we evaluated the JWL state equation parameters and detonation parameters for three explosives with two densities, respectively, and coupled with numerical simulations and experiments to evaluate the generalization performance of the neural network. The relative error between the predicted detonation velocity values and detonation velocity values determined by Pin Oscillographic Technique is less than 5%.And also, the relative error between the experimental values and the explosion shock overpressure values obtained by numerical simulations using AutoDyn is less than 5%.
JWL equation of state parameter, artificial neural network, explosion shock wave, detonation velocity, numerical simulation
Ik Hyon Mun, Jin Guk Pak, Chol Min Kim, Jong Ju Kang, Chang Song Paek and Jong Hyok Kim*
Study on the extension of feasible design region and optimum for effective engineering elastic moduli of composite laminate by using continuous variables
In this paper, the feasible region of design variables is extended by using continuous variables, and an optimization method to find the optimum satisfying various design requirements on in-plane and bending effective engineering moduli is proposed with the genetic algorithm (GA). In the optimal design of effective engineering moduli, we treat the layer orientation angle as the continuous variables, not as the discrete variables such as 0°, ±45° and 90°, and extend the feasible solution region to find the better optimal solutions than those in the case of the limited design variable region. Then, the feasible design region is extended to 1.23•1027, 1.41•1024 times in comparison with the case of the discrete variables such as {0°, ±45°, 90°}and {0°, ±30°, ±45°, ±60°, 90°}, and the optimum that satisfies the severer design requirement and whose effective engineering moduli increase by about 4.47% of those of the discrete variables can be found. And the methods of various maximum moduli design and the criterion moduli design for requirements on in-plane and bending effective engineering moduli that arise from application are proposed. In order to solve these optimization problems we selected the reasonable genetic operators of GA to increase the global property and convergence of solutions.The GA operation with the proposed genetic operators increases the variety of individual population to rise about 2.7 times the convergence rate, and to rise the average fitness of the optimum by 6.7%. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated by the numerical examples.
Composite laminate, optimization design, effective engineering moduli, genetic algorithm
IlKwon Kim, JunIl Jin ,NmChol Kim,SeUng O and JunNam Kim
Schemes in Indian Agriculture and Rural Development: Challenges and Solutions
When we define the word "village," a picture emerges of an area where basic amenities of life such as roads, electricity, water, education, health, etc., are often lacking. Along with the absence of basic facilities, poverty, destitution, and unemployment in villages represent a complex problem that is emerging as the biggest obstacle to rural development. There are very few countries in the world where 74 percent of the population resides in villages. Thus, the rural population forms the foundation of the entire social and economic system of the country. Unless the more than 70 percent of the population living in villages is developed, India cannot achieve holistic development. For the comprehensive and sustainable development of the nation, rural development is not merely an administrative necessity but an essential condition. Rural development does not only mean agricultural development; it also means bringing about a qualitative improvement in the standard of living of rural people. This includes broader dimensions such as infrastructure—roads, electricity, water, health services, education, digital literacy, and economic self-reliance. The current government in India also appears serious about agricultural development. This research paper is based on the analysis of various aspects of rural development, as well as various government schemes for rural development, their impact, implementation, challenges, and solutions.
Rural Development, Agricultural Development, Five-Year Plan, NITI Aayog.
Innovations in the Vedic Education System
The Vedic education system has been the foundational basis of the Indian knowledge tradition, with special emphasis on the holistic development of an individual—physical, mental, intellectual, and spiritual. In the current era of globalization and technology, the nature of education has undergone widespread changes, yet the core principles of Vedic education remain relevant today. This research paper analyzes the nature of the Vedic education system, its key elements, and potential innovations within it, so that modern education can be made more humane, value-oriented, and integrated. The foundation of the Indian education tradition has been Sanskrit literature, which possesses an integrated form of knowledge, science, ethics, and life philosophy. The New Education Policy (NEP-2020) is a significant step toward the revival of the Indian knowledge tradition. This research paper analyzes the educational characteristics of Sanskrit literature and its inclusion in NEP-2020. The study makes it clear that the new education policy is oriented toward holistic development by integrating the Sanskrit language and the Indian knowledge system with modern education.
Vedic Education, New Education Policy, Holistic Development, Innovation
Entrepreneurial Skills Required by Agricultural Education Students in Tertiary Institutions for Fish Pond Application of Organic Manure and Water Management in Rivers State
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Cambria',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext; background: #FDE9D9; mso-shading-themecolor: accent6; mso-shading-themetint: 51; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">This study focused on the entrepreneurial skills required by agricultural education students in tertiary institutions for fish pond application of organic manure and water management in Rivers State. Three objectives and three research questions guided and answered in the study. The population of the study was 64, comprises of lecturers in the department of agricultural education in tertiary institutions in Rivers State and extension officers working with Rivers State agricultural development programme (RSADEP). Census sampling technique was used due to manageable size of the population. The instrument used for data collection was structured research questionnaire. Mean and standard deviation were used in answering the research questions. The finding of the study among others shows that entrepreneurial skills required by agricultural education students in tertiary institutions for fish pond application of organic manure are; the doses and methods of application, procurement of organic manure, identifying organic composition that will give more growth to planktons, preparation of organic manure, use of cow dung and oil cakes in the production of planktons in fish pond, measuring the depth of water, calculate water volume and then calculate quantity of manure to be applied in the fish pond, principle of application of manure in fish pond, when to stop applying manure in fish pond and identifying when manure is required in fish pond. While the skills required for fish pond water management are; test for hydrogen ion in fish pond water, post fish stocking water management, culture of fishes in brackish water and marine water bodies, water quality monitoring, maintaining water quality in respect to acidic, alkalinity and turgidity of fish farm water, understanding water storage and Treatment, maintaining depth of water in different types of fish pond, water management with respect to quality and quantity (flooding) and calculating water volume in fish Pond. It was therefore recommended among others that, undergraduate students in tertiary institutions should be properly taught on how to apply organic manure, especially if earthy pond facility is to be used in order to enhance easy growth of planktons (fish food). Also, Government should organize seminars and workshops for lecturers and extension officers in order to equip them with the task of teaching
Entrepreneurial Skills, Agricultural Education, Students, Pond, Organic Manure, Water Management, Tertiary Institutions, Rivers State
BARIDOMA, M. P. (Ph.D) and LAZARUS, S. T. (Ph.D)
Fragmented Bodies, Fragmented Identities: Patriarchy, Medical Ethics, and Trauma in Mahesh Dattani’s Tara.
Mahesh Dattani, in his play Tara, gives a deep critique of patriarchy, gender discrimination and systematic marginalisation of women in the modern Indian society. This is the story of Siamese twins Tara and Chandan, which illustrates how patriarchal norms operate at the most fundamental stages of life, influencing bodily integrity, social identity, and family relationships. The paper uses a feminist approach to analyse the intersection of gender, disability, and institutional power in the play, showing how political influence, capitalist interests, and internalised maternal compliance have come together to oppress Tara. Psychological and emotional implications of these structures on both Tara and Chandan also form part of the analysis, which highlights how patriarchy causes trauma and fragmented identities to women and men. Placing this play in the context of modern urban families and the Indian culture, the paper tries to examine how the critical attitude, used by Dattani, is pertinent in modern society, particularly in the context of modern gender prejudice and bias, the ethics in the medical profession, and the favoring family of the male child. Lastly, the paper argues that Tara reveals the compounded nature of patriarchal operation and that the medical ethics, maternal complicity and cultural anticipation according to which it operates can be found in a stimulating literary analysis and a discursive commentary on gender inequality that can be applicable even to contemporary India.
Fragmented identities, medical ethics, internalised motherhood, feminism, gendered roles, patriarchal society
Brechtian Reflection in Vijay Tendulkar’s work: A case study of Play 'Ghasiram Kotwal'
This study examines the presence of Brechtian theatrical techniques in Vijay Tendulkar’s celebrated play ‘Ghashiram Kotwal’, positioning it as a significant example of epic theatre within the Indian dramatic tradition. Drawing upon the principles of Bertolt Brecht’s theory of epic theatre, the paper explores how Tendulkar employs devices such as alienation (Verfremdungseffekt), episodic narrative structure, stylised performance, and the use of chorus to disrupt emotional identification and encourage critical engagement among the audience. The play’s historical setting, combined with its satirical portrayal of power, corruption, and moral decay in the Peshwa regime, reflects Brecht’s emphasis on exposing socio-political realities rather than merely entertaining audiences. The integration of music, dance, and performative commentary further reinforces the distancing effect, preventing passive consumption and promoting analytical reflection. Through a close textual and performative analysis, this study argues that Tendulkar successfully indigenizes Brechtian dramaturgy, adapting it to the cultural and theatrical traditions of India. The paper concludes that Ghashiram Kotwal not only exemplifies Brechtian influence but also reinterprets it within a localised context, thereby contributing to the evolution of modern Indian theatre as a medium of social critique and political consciousness.
Bertolt Brecht, Epic Theatre, Ghasiram Kotwal, Vijay Tendulkar.
Digital Commerce Revolution: Opportunities, Technologies & Future Markets
The global e-commerce landscape has undergone a fundamental metamorphosis in the post-pandemic era, driven by the convergence of artificial intelligence, mobile commerce, social commerce, and evolving consumer expectations. This paper undertakes a comprehensive investigation into the strategic dimensions of digital commerce, examining the transformative forces reshaping market structures, competitive dynamics, and business models across both developed and emerging economies. Drawing on data from the International Trade Centre, McKinsey Global Institute, Statista, and peer-reviewed literature from 2022–2026, this study analyses five critical domains: the macroeconomic architecture of global digital markets; AI-driven personalization and its impact on consumer conversion; cross-border e-commerce as a vehicle for emerging market integration; the sustainability imperative in digital supply chains; and regulatory frameworks governing platform economies. The paper argues that competitive advantage in digital commerce now derives less from transactional efficiency and increasingly from data ecosystems, trust infrastructure, and adaptive business architecture. Findings suggest that businesses adopting integrated omnichannel strategies with AI-native operations outperform peers by 23–31% on key performance metrics. The paper concludes with a strategic framework—the DELTA model (Data, Experience, Logistics, Trust, Adaptability)—for enterprises seeking sustainable positioning in the evolving digital economy
E-commerce strategy, digital markets, artificial intelligence, cross-border trade
Impact of GST on Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Uttar Pradesh: A Study of Compliance Burden and Financial Performance
The implementation of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) in 2017 marked a paradigm shift in India’s fiscal landscape. This research investigates the impact of GST on Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Uttar Pradesh, focusing on the dual dimensions of compliance burden and financial performance. Using a mixed-methods approach, the study analyzes how the transition from a fragmented tax regime to a unified system has influenced operational costs and profitability. Findings suggest that while GST has enhanced transparency and market reach, SMEs in Uttar Pradesh face significant challenges due to digital illiteracy, increased compliance costs, and liquidity constraints
GST, SMEs, Uttar Pradesh, Compliance Burden, Financial Performance.
"No, Let It Be": A Psychological Study of Female Interiority, Desire, and Self-Assertion Across Novels, Stories, and Plays of Tagore
The literary works of Rabindranath Tagore have long been read in terms of his idealised heroines, the self-sacrificing Chitra, the transcendental Nandini, the radiant Sumitra, the compassionate Aparna, the devotional Srimati, and the introspective Prakriti; these women sacrifice themselves for love, family, nation, devotion, etc. In this paper, I propose a counter-reading, an investigation of an equivalent, less acclaimed and psychologically more complex group of Tagorean women: Binodini (Chokher Bali), Charulata (Nastanirh), Mrinal (Strir Patra), Bimala (Ghare Baire), Mrinmoyee (Samapti), and Giribala. These womenfolk are not willing to give themselves up to men, ideals, and institutions. In its place, they claim themselves, insist on emotional and intellectual recognition, bargain desire on their conditions and, in the face of rejection, prefer to leave rather than to dissipate. The paper, based on object-relations theory of Winnicott, Horney, Gilligan’s feminist psychology, and postcolonial discourse of gender, contends that Tagore engaged in a long-term literary experimentation of what would later be theorised by Abraham Maslow as self-actualisation, a need of human personhood to be acknowledged as not a function but a self. The paper also argues that Tagore himself is ambivalent about these women; his somewhat hesitant regret at the conclusion of Chokher Bali, his structured portrayal of Bimla’s harassment, has shown not misogyny but rather the tension of a writer whose imagination exceeded his historical time. This is a contribution to Tagore studies, feminist literary criticism and psychology of literary character.
Rabindranath Tagore, female characters, psychological realism, self-actualisation, feminist literary criticism, Bengal Renaissance, Binodini, Charulata, Mrinal, Bimala, female interiority, colonial India, new woman.
Changing Social Scenario and the Mindset of Highly Educated Women: A Sociological Study of Buxar District in Bihar
This research paper presents a sociological analysis of the mindset of highly educated women in the context of the changing social scenario in Buxar district of Bihar. Over the past two decades, significant transformations have occurred in the social structure of Buxar due to the expansion of education, employment opportunities, media influence, and women empowerment policies. However, amidst patriarchal values and the collective mentality of the rural social environment, highly educated women often face psychological challenges such as role-conflict, guilt, and depression. The study is based on a mixed-method approach, incorporating both qualitative and quantitative methodologies. A survey and in-depth interviews were conducted with 100 highly educated women from Buxar town and five nearby villages. The findings reveal that educational advancement does not necessarily ensure a positive mindset; rather, social expectations and gender-based divisions deeply influence women’s mental health.
Highly Educated Women, Mindset, Changing Social Scenario, Buxar District, Role-Conflict, Patriarchy.