Knowledgeable Research A Multidisciplinary Journal
Knowledgeable Research (KR), (ISSN: 2583-6633) CODEN: KRABAU an International open-access peer-reviewed refereed monthly journal publishes quality-oriented articles and research papers on Education, Humanities, Social Sciences, Science, Tourism, Hospitality and Management, Linguistics, Information, and Communication Technology, Business, and others. Knowledgeable Research (KR) provides immediate open access to its content on the principle of making research freely accessible to scholars and academicians for a greater global exchange of knowledge. Frequency: Monthly
Society for Academic Facilitation and Extension (Regd.) 53-Karamchari Nagar, Bareilly, 243001 (UP) India
Gender Stratification and Feminism in English Literature
This research paper illustrates gender stratification and feminism in Indian and foreign English literature. By scrutinizing a selection of various novels and plays by prominent authors such as Arthur Miller, Virginia Woolf, Toni Morrison, Vijay Tendulkar, Arundhati Roy, and others, this paper explores how the aforementioned authors dwell upon issues such as male dominance, gender inequality, feminism, and sexual exploitation in society. The study highlights the diverse experiences and struggles of women globally, reflecting the complex socio-cultural landscape. By inspecting different works of English literature, this paper reveals contrasting themes such as resistance against patriarchy, the exploration of self, and the assertion of female agency. The analysis offers insights into the evolving representation of women, influenced by factors such as caste, class, and globalization. This probe contributes to the broader feminist discourse, emphasizing the role of literature in challenging and remodeling gender dynamics.
Gender Stratification, Feminism, English Literature, Patriarchy, Female Agency
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Determination of Jones-Wilkins-Lee equation of state parameters using artificial neural network;Accuracy verification by coupled with experiment and numerical simulation
A method for determining the JWL parameters and the detonation parameters using artificial neural networks is presented. The JWL EOS parameters and detonation parameters were collected according to composition of explosives, density and formation heat for 91 materials. The neural network model consists of the input, layer, output layer and hidden layer, and used the Neural Network Fitting Tool of Matlab, and Levenberg-Marquardt backpropagation algorithm was used for network training.The rational neural network architecture has 237, 179 and 72 neurons in three hidden layers, respectively, and the fit is reasonably good for for training, validation, and test sets, with R values in each case of above 0.99. The JWL EOS parameters were predicted for some explosives, 95RDX/3WAX/2stearic acid, 60TNT/24RDX/16Al, and 50AP/25Al/25RDX.Using trained neural network, we evaluated the JWL state equation parameters and detonation parameters for three explosives with two densities, respectively, and coupled with numerical simulations and experiments to evaluate the generalization performance of the neural network. The relative error between the predicted detonation velocity values and detonation velocity values determined by Pin Oscillographic Technique is less than 5%.And also, the relative error between the experimental values and the explosion shock overpressure values obtained by numerical simulations using AutoDyn is less than 5%.
JWL equation of state parameter, artificial neural network, explosion shock wave, detonation velocity, numerical simulation
Ik Hyon Mun, Jin Guk Pak, Chol Min Kim, Jong Ju Kang, Chang Song Paek and Jong Hyok Kim*
Study on the extension of feasible design region and optimum for effective engineering elastic moduli of composite laminate by using continuous variables
In this paper, the feasible region of design variables is extended by using continuous variables, and an optimization method to find the optimum satisfying various design requirements on in-plane and bending effective engineering moduli is proposed with the genetic algorithm (GA). In the optimal design of effective engineering moduli, we treat the layer orientation angle as the continuous variables, not as the discrete variables such as 0°, ±45° and 90°, and extend the feasible solution region to find the better optimal solutions than those in the case of the limited design variable region. Then, the feasible design region is extended to 1.23•1027, 1.41•1024 times in comparison with the case of the discrete variables such as {0°, ±45°, 90°}and {0°, ±30°, ±45°, ±60°, 90°}, and the optimum that satisfies the severer design requirement and whose effective engineering moduli increase by about 4.47% of those of the discrete variables can be found. And the methods of various maximum moduli design and the criterion moduli design for requirements on in-plane and bending effective engineering moduli that arise from application are proposed. In order to solve these optimization problems we selected the reasonable genetic operators of GA to increase the global property and convergence of solutions.The GA operation with the proposed genetic operators increases the variety of individual population to rise about 2.7 times the convergence rate, and to rise the average fitness of the optimum by 6.7%. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated by the numerical examples.
Composite laminate, optimization design, effective engineering moduli, genetic algorithm
IlKwon Kim, JunIl Jin ,NmChol Kim,SeUng O and JunNam Kim
Schemes in Indian Agriculture and Rural Development: Challenges and Solutions
When we define the word "village," a picture emerges of an area where basic amenities of life such as roads, electricity, water, education, health, etc., are often lacking. Along with the absence of basic facilities, poverty, destitution, and unemployment in villages represent a complex problem that is emerging as the biggest obstacle to rural development. There are very few countries in the world where 74 percent of the population resides in villages. Thus, the rural population forms the foundation of the entire social and economic system of the country. Unless the more than 70 percent of the population living in villages is developed, India cannot achieve holistic development. For the comprehensive and sustainable development of the nation, rural development is not merely an administrative necessity but an essential condition. Rural development does not only mean agricultural development; it also means bringing about a qualitative improvement in the standard of living of rural people. This includes broader dimensions such as infrastructure—roads, electricity, water, health services, education, digital literacy, and economic self-reliance. The current government in India also appears serious about agricultural development. This research paper is based on the analysis of various aspects of rural development, as well as various government schemes for rural development, their impact, implementation, challenges, and solutions.
Rural Development, Agricultural Development, Five-Year Plan, NITI Aayog.
Innovations in the Vedic Education System
The Vedic education system has been the foundational basis of the Indian knowledge tradition, with special emphasis on the holistic development of an individual—physical, mental, intellectual, and spiritual. In the current era of globalization and technology, the nature of education has undergone widespread changes, yet the core principles of Vedic education remain relevant today. This research paper analyzes the nature of the Vedic education system, its key elements, and potential innovations within it, so that modern education can be made more humane, value-oriented, and integrated. The foundation of the Indian education tradition has been Sanskrit literature, which possesses an integrated form of knowledge, science, ethics, and life philosophy. The New Education Policy (NEP-2020) is a significant step toward the revival of the Indian knowledge tradition. This research paper analyzes the educational characteristics of Sanskrit literature and its inclusion in NEP-2020. The study makes it clear that the new education policy is oriented toward holistic development by integrating the Sanskrit language and the Indian knowledge system with modern education.
Vedic Education, New Education Policy, Holistic Development, Innovation
Entrepreneurial Skills Required by Agricultural Education Students in Tertiary Institutions for Fish Pond Application of Organic Manure and Water Management in Rivers State
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Cambria',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext; background: #FDE9D9; mso-shading-themecolor: accent6; mso-shading-themetint: 51; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">This study focused on the entrepreneurial skills required by agricultural education students in tertiary institutions for fish pond application of organic manure and water management in Rivers State. Three objectives and three research questions guided and answered in the study. The population of the study was 64, comprises of lecturers in the department of agricultural education in tertiary institutions in Rivers State and extension officers working with Rivers State agricultural development programme (RSADEP). Census sampling technique was used due to manageable size of the population. The instrument used for data collection was structured research questionnaire. Mean and standard deviation were used in answering the research questions. The finding of the study among others shows that entrepreneurial skills required by agricultural education students in tertiary institutions for fish pond application of organic manure are; the doses and methods of application, procurement of organic manure, identifying organic composition that will give more growth to planktons, preparation of organic manure, use of cow dung and oil cakes in the production of planktons in fish pond, measuring the depth of water, calculate water volume and then calculate quantity of manure to be applied in the fish pond, principle of application of manure in fish pond, when to stop applying manure in fish pond and identifying when manure is required in fish pond. While the skills required for fish pond water management are; test for hydrogen ion in fish pond water, post fish stocking water management, culture of fishes in brackish water and marine water bodies, water quality monitoring, maintaining water quality in respect to acidic, alkalinity and turgidity of fish farm water, understanding water storage and Treatment, maintaining depth of water in different types of fish pond, water management with respect to quality and quantity (flooding) and calculating water volume in fish Pond. It was therefore recommended among others that, undergraduate students in tertiary institutions should be properly taught on how to apply organic manure, especially if earthy pond facility is to be used in order to enhance easy growth of planktons (fish food). Also, Government should organize seminars and workshops for lecturers and extension officers in order to equip them with the task of teaching
Entrepreneurial Skills, Agricultural Education, Students, Pond, Organic Manure, Water Management, Tertiary Institutions, Rivers State
BARIDOMA, M. P. (Ph.D) and LAZARUS, S. T. (Ph.D)
Fragmented Bodies, Fragmented Identities: Patriarchy, Medical Ethics, and Trauma in Mahesh Dattani’s Tara.
Mahesh Dattani, in his play Tara, gives a deep critique of patriarchy, gender discrimination and systematic marginalisation of women in the modern Indian society. This is the story of Siamese twins Tara and Chandan, which illustrates how patriarchal norms operate at the most fundamental stages of life, influencing bodily integrity, social identity, and family relationships. The paper uses a feminist approach to analyse the intersection of gender, disability, and institutional power in the play, showing how political influence, capitalist interests, and internalised maternal compliance have come together to oppress Tara. Psychological and emotional implications of these structures on both Tara and Chandan also form part of the analysis, which highlights how patriarchy causes trauma and fragmented identities to women and men. Placing this play in the context of modern urban families and the Indian culture, the paper tries to examine how the critical attitude, used by Dattani, is pertinent in modern society, particularly in the context of modern gender prejudice and bias, the ethics in the medical profession, and the favoring family of the male child. Lastly, the paper argues that Tara reveals the compounded nature of patriarchal operation and that the medical ethics, maternal complicity and cultural anticipation according to which it operates can be found in a stimulating literary analysis and a discursive commentary on gender inequality that can be applicable even to contemporary India.
Fragmented identities, medical ethics, internalised motherhood, feminism, gendered roles, patriarchal society
Brechtian Reflection in Vijay Tendulkar’s work: A case study of Play 'Ghasiram Kotwal'
This study examines the presence of Brechtian theatrical techniques in Vijay Tendulkar’s celebrated play ‘Ghashiram Kotwal’, positioning it as a significant example of epic theatre within the Indian dramatic tradition. Drawing upon the principles of Bertolt Brecht’s theory of epic theatre, the paper explores how Tendulkar employs devices such as alienation (Verfremdungseffekt), episodic narrative structure, stylised performance, and the use of chorus to disrupt emotional identification and encourage critical engagement among the audience. The play’s historical setting, combined with its satirical portrayal of power, corruption, and moral decay in the Peshwa regime, reflects Brecht’s emphasis on exposing socio-political realities rather than merely entertaining audiences. The integration of music, dance, and performative commentary further reinforces the distancing effect, preventing passive consumption and promoting analytical reflection. Through a close textual and performative analysis, this study argues that Tendulkar successfully indigenizes Brechtian dramaturgy, adapting it to the cultural and theatrical traditions of India. The paper concludes that Ghashiram Kotwal not only exemplifies Brechtian influence but also reinterprets it within a localised context, thereby contributing to the evolution of modern Indian theatre as a medium of social critique and political consciousness.
Bertolt Brecht, Epic Theatre, Ghasiram Kotwal, Vijay Tendulkar.
Digital Commerce Revolution: Opportunities, Technologies & Future Markets
The global e-commerce landscape has undergone a fundamental metamorphosis in the post-pandemic era, driven by the convergence of artificial intelligence, mobile commerce, social commerce, and evolving consumer expectations. This paper undertakes a comprehensive investigation into the strategic dimensions of digital commerce, examining the transformative forces reshaping market structures, competitive dynamics, and business models across both developed and emerging economies. Drawing on data from the International Trade Centre, McKinsey Global Institute, Statista, and peer-reviewed literature from 2022–2026, this study analyses five critical domains: the macroeconomic architecture of global digital markets; AI-driven personalization and its impact on consumer conversion; cross-border e-commerce as a vehicle for emerging market integration; the sustainability imperative in digital supply chains; and regulatory frameworks governing platform economies. The paper argues that competitive advantage in digital commerce now derives less from transactional efficiency and increasingly from data ecosystems, trust infrastructure, and adaptive business architecture. Findings suggest that businesses adopting integrated omnichannel strategies with AI-native operations outperform peers by 23–31% on key performance metrics. The paper concludes with a strategic framework—the DELTA model (Data, Experience, Logistics, Trust, Adaptability)—for enterprises seeking sustainable positioning in the evolving digital economy
E-commerce strategy, digital markets, artificial intelligence, cross-border trade
Impact of GST on Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Uttar Pradesh: A Study of Compliance Burden and Financial Performance
The implementation of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) in 2017 marked a paradigm shift in India’s fiscal landscape. This research investigates the impact of GST on Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Uttar Pradesh, focusing on the dual dimensions of compliance burden and financial performance. Using a mixed-methods approach, the study analyzes how the transition from a fragmented tax regime to a unified system has influenced operational costs and profitability. Findings suggest that while GST has enhanced transparency and market reach, SMEs in Uttar Pradesh face significant challenges due to digital illiteracy, increased compliance costs, and liquidity constraints
GST, SMEs, Uttar Pradesh, Compliance Burden, Financial Performance.
"No, Let It Be": A Psychological Study of Female Interiority, Desire, and Self-Assertion Across Novels, Stories, and Plays of Tagore
The literary works of Rabindranath Tagore have long been read in terms of his idealised heroines, the self-sacrificing Chitra, the transcendental Nandini, the radiant Sumitra, the compassionate Aparna, the devotional Srimati, and the introspective Prakriti; these women sacrifice themselves for love, family, nation, devotion, etc. In this paper, I propose a counter-reading, an investigation of an equivalent, less acclaimed and psychologically more complex group of Tagorean women: Binodini (Chokher Bali), Charulata (Nastanirh), Mrinal (Strir Patra), Bimala (Ghare Baire), Mrinmoyee (Samapti), and Giribala. These womenfolk are not willing to give themselves up to men, ideals, and institutions. In its place, they claim themselves, insist on emotional and intellectual recognition, bargain desire on their conditions and, in the face of rejection, prefer to leave rather than to dissipate. The paper, based on object-relations theory of Winnicott, Horney, Gilligan’s feminist psychology, and postcolonial discourse of gender, contends that Tagore engaged in a long-term literary experimentation of what would later be theorised by Abraham Maslow as self-actualisation, a need of human personhood to be acknowledged as not a function but a self. The paper also argues that Tagore himself is ambivalent about these women; his somewhat hesitant regret at the conclusion of Chokher Bali, his structured portrayal of Bimla’s harassment, has shown not misogyny but rather the tension of a writer whose imagination exceeded his historical time. This is a contribution to Tagore studies, feminist literary criticism and psychology of literary character.
Rabindranath Tagore, female characters, psychological realism, self-actualisation, feminist literary criticism, Bengal Renaissance, Binodini, Charulata, Mrinal, Bimala, female interiority, colonial India, new woman.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Changing Social Scenario and the Mindset of Highly Educated Women: A Sociological Study of Buxar District in Bihar
This research paper presents a sociological analysis of the mindset of highly educated women in the context of the changing social scenario in Buxar district of Bihar. Over the past two decades, significant transformations have occurred in the social structure of Buxar due to the expansion of education, employment opportunities, media influence, and women empowerment policies. However, amidst patriarchal values and the collective mentality of the rural social environment, highly educated women often face psychological challenges such as role-conflict, guilt, and depression. The study is based on a mixed-method approach, incorporating both qualitative and quantitative methodologies. A survey and in-depth interviews were conducted with 100 highly educated women from Buxar town and five nearby villages. The findings reveal that educational advancement does not necessarily ensure a positive mindset; rather, social expectations and gender-based divisions deeply influence women’s mental health.
Highly Educated Women, Mindset, Changing Social Scenario, Buxar District, Role-Conflict, Patriarchy.
Copyright (c) 2023 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Cosmic Intimacy and Planetary Consciousness in Orbital by Samantha Harvey
Fires That Mirror a Generation: A Conversation with Prof. Vikas Sharma on All Her Fires and the Realities of Gen Z
All Her Fires by Vikas Sharma has quickly become one of the most discussed novels in contemporary Indian fiction. With its unflinching portrayal of Generation Z like their ambitions, contradictions, emotional detachment and moral uncertainties, the novel has sparked debate in classrooms and literary circles alike. At its centre stands Sanya, a young woman who is sharp, cynical and strategically brilliant, yet deeply disconnected from the empathy that traditional values demand. Alongside her, characters like Shivani and Disha present contrasting responses to the same generational pressures which creates a rich portrait of young womanhood under siege.
Environmental Conservation in Indian Smriti Literature: Concept and Contemporary Relevance
The term environment is widely prevalent across the world. Living beings are dependent on the environment; it encompasses all those factors that directly or indirectly influence life. The elements of the environment include trees, water, air, society, mountains, and living organisms. In fact, nature, environment, food, clothing, and other resources are essential for human survival, making the environment of utmost importance. However, environmental pollution has now become a matter of serious concern for environmentalists, thinkers, scientists, and society at large across the globe. This issue is increasingly assuming alarming proportions day by day. Although there are several causes behind this problem—such as population growth, lack of sanitation facilities, and poverty—deforestation appears to be one of the primary causes of environmental degradation at present. In view of this situation, environmentalists around the world are making efforts toward environmental conservation. Scholars are actively discussing these issues in various academic forums and workshops. Governments are also paying increasing attention to environmental protection, and approvals from environmental authorities have become mandatory in various sectors of development and construction. In this context, it is worth examining what kind of analysis is available in Sanskrit literature, particularly in Smriti texts, regarding environmental concerns and conservation.
Environment, Tree Conservation, Climate Protection, Biodiversity Conservation.
LOST OR EVOLVING? THE MODERN YOUTH DILEMMA
"Youth unrest may be defined as the manifestation of collective frustration of the youth in society."'Unrest' means 'disturbed condition'. It is "the state of disillusionment and dissatisfaction". Social unrest is the manifestation of collective disillusionment, discontentment and frustration of the group, community or society. If there is unrest among the students of one university, it is not perceived as the problem of 'student unrest' as such. It is only when students all over the country feel frustrated on common issues like admissions, content of courses, the examination system and the representations in academic bodies, can we say that there exists the problem of student unrest in our society. Similarly, it is not the unrest among the workers of one industry that is termed as 'industrial unrest' but it is the collective discontentment among all workers in different industries in the country on issues of minimum wages, safety measures, security of employment, and certain intra-mural and extra-mural facilities that is referred to as the problem of 'industrial unrest'. The same is true of the peasant unrest, tribal unrest and women unrest
Unrest, Frustration, Economic, Communication, Activities.
Tvet and youth empowerment in Rivers State
This study examined the topic of Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) and youth empowerment in Rivers State, Nigeria, focusing on how participation in TVET programmes influenced youth empowerment and the challenges that affected programme effectiveness. Youths in Rivers State constituted a significant portion of the population, yet high levels of unemployment, underemployment, and social exclusion had limited their economic independence and productive engagement in society. The study employed desk research, analyzing secondary sources, including journals, policy documents, and reports, to evaluate the role of TVET in equipping youths with practical skills, technical competencies, and entrepreneurial abilities. The findings indicated that participation in TVET programmes significantly enhanced employability, fostered entrepreneurship, increased confidence, and encouraged active involvement in economic and community development. Despite these positive outcomes, several challenges constrained the effectiveness of TVET, including inadequate funding, poor infrastructure, obsolete training equipment, shortage of qualified instructors, weak collaboration between training institutions and industries, and societal preference for academic education over vocational training. The study concluded that while TVET had served as an important instrument for youth empowerment and socio-economic development in Rivers State, addressing these limitations was necessary to maximize its impact. The study recommended that The Rivers State Government and relevant agencies should expand access to quality TVET programmes, provide start-up support for graduates, ensure adequate funding, upgrade facilities and equipment, train instructors, and strengthen industry linkages to enhance programme effectiveness and relevance.
Technical and Vocational Education and Training, Youth Empowerment, Rivers State, Skills Acquisition, Employability, Entrepreneurship
Ndukwu, Godstime .C and Dr. Nwaudo - EWO, C
CLEAN ENERGY TRANSITION: THE SOLAR MILESTONE
Due to continuous increase in population and increasing demand for electricity, the conventional sources of electricity based on fossil fuels are not found to be sufficient and they cause pollution. Thus, it is essential to diversify our energy sources. One need to take concrete steps such as investing for renewable energy, promote environment friendly practices and reduce waste of fossil fuel plants. In our country potential of solar energy remains untapped just without any satisfactory reason. The need is to focus on the use of solar energy sources so as to gain maximum efficiency and in this way highly efficient and economically cheap solar cells should be developed. In the arca where solar intensity is very high, solar thermal power plant should be installed more and more. It will be well accepted in the country. However, the practicality of this source should be examined and its benefits and drawbacks should be considered.
Electricity, Thermal Power, Grid, Radiation.
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Cambria',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext; background: #FDE9D9; mso-shading-themecolor: accent6; mso-shading-themetint: 51; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">The early applications of linear-programming methods fell into three major categories: military applications generated by the Air Force's Project SCOOP, interindustry economics based on the Leontief input-output model, and problems involving the relationship between zero-sum two-person games and linear programming. In the past few years these areas of application have been extended and developed, but the emphasis in linear-programming applications has shifted to the industrial area. In this section we shall describe in general terms many of these applications
Scoop, Inter industry, Leontief, Emphasis.
The Nigeria’s State Police Debate: BLUEPRINT OR BLIND SPOT?
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Cambria',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext; background: #FDE9D9; mso-shading-themecolor: accent6; mso-shading-themetint: 51; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">The renewed debate on state police in Nigeria has shifted from political rhetoric to concrete institutional design. Yet this transition from aspiration to architecture has occurred in a context where the constitutional and statutory foundations for a plural policing system remain absent. This paper argues that the current state police debate is being advanced in a manner that risks confusing constitutional transformation with administrative reform. Drawing on a mixed-methods design that combines doctrinal legal analysis, literature review, comparative federalism scholarship, and survey evidence generated through the Africa Security Forum platform, the study examines whether the emerging reform discourse is legally coherent, institutionally viable, and normatively defensible. It argues that the principal weakness of the present framework is not the idea of decentralised policing in itself, but the sequencing through which it is being pursued. Nigeria’s Constitution still establishes a single police force and prohibits the establishment of any other police force for the federation or any part thereof, while the Police Act 2020 remains built around a unified national structure. Recent public reporting that a 75-page state police framework was submitted to the Senate therefore highlights a widening gap between legal reality and policy ambition. This paper demonstrates that this gap has profound implications for employment law, pension continuity, rank harmonisation, fiscal federalism, intergovernmental accountability, political interference, and national security coordination. It further argues that decentralisation, if pursued without constitutional clarity and institutional safeguards, may generate fragmentation without accountability and local control without legitimacy. The study concludes that Nigeria does not merely require a faster debate on state police, but a more disciplined and legally sequenced one. Any sustainable reform must begin with constitutional amendment, proceed through carefully designed implementing legislation, and be supported by independent oversight, rights-based accountability, and fiscally credible intergovernmental arrangements
Accountability, Federalism, Intergovernmental, Nigeria’s Constitution, State Police.
Temitope OLODO and Adebimpe Saheed FAGBEMI, PhD
The Integration of English Language as a Course in the Curriculum in Engineering Institutes across India to Foster Effective Collaboration in a Multicultural and Globalised Workforce Environment
The aim of this study was to analyse the significance of the English language as a medium of communication among scientists, researchers, and academics in interdisciplinary branches at engineering colleges in India, particularly for students enrolled in the Computer Science Department. We assessed the academic English language needs of the students using a 5-point Likert scale questionnaire. Additionally, interviews were conducted with three faculty members from various branches, and the results were analysed qualitatively. Thus, a mixed-methods approach was employed for data collection and analysis. The questionnaire and interviews reveal that academic contexts frequently employ the four language skills—listening, speaking, reading, and writing—including coding. However, students struggle with writing and accurately interpreting English words, which hinders their ability to recall terminology commonly used in coding and other subjects. Furthermore, students are finding it increasingly challenging to communicate their application ideas, participate in competitions, develop research papers and conduct laboratory research. Implementing ‘constructivist theory’ as a new pedagogical approach will improve students’ proficiency and empower them with communication ability. Therefore, establishing dedicated English departments in engineering colleges should be a priority in the current education curriculum.
English Proficiency; Demands; Curriculum Integration; Language and Coding; Scientific Learning; Experimental Sciences
Assessment of Water Quality and Its Relationship with Fish Diversity
Freshwater fish are like the river’s early warning system, they reveal more about water health than any single lab test. I selected three sites along the Ramganga River near Bareilly in Uttar Pradesh and sampled them monthly from June 2023 through November 2024, measuring dissolved oxygen, pH, BOD, Nitrates, Phosphates, Turbidity, and Coliforms. Fish assemblages were surveyed each season using electrofishing and gill nets. I found 22 fish species across 13 families. Urbanization left a clear mark. Site C, downstream of Bareilly, held only five species — all tough, pollution-tolerant survivors. Site A upstream had 14, including Catla catla and Tor tor, which only show up in clean, well-oxygenated water. The Shannon-Wiener index tracked this gap: 2.61 at Site A, 0.97 at Site C. Fish diversity correlated tightly with oxygen (r = 0.91, p < 0.01) and inversely with BOD (r = −0.87, p < 0.01).
Ramganga River; dissolved oxygen; fish biodiversity; Shannon-Wiener index; Index of Biotic Integrity; Bareilly; water pollution indicators
Demographic Responses of Insect Pest Populations to Climate Variability: A Regional Study of Jharkhand
Climate change has emerged as one of the most critical drivers reshaping the population dynamics and demographic profiles of insect pest communities worldwide. Jharkhand — a state nestled in the tribal heartland of eastern India — presents a compelling case study, where shifting monsoon patterns, rising mean temperatures, and increasingly erratic rainfall regimes are quietly rewriting the ecology of agricultural pest species. This study investigates the age-specific life table parameters, intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm), net reproductive rate (R₀), doubling time (DT), and finite rate of increase (λ) of four economically significant insect pest species: the rice leaf folder (Cnaphalocrocis medinalis), the stem borer (Scirpophaga incertulas), the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda), and the brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens), under three distinct thermal regimes mirroring observed and projected climate scenarios in Jharkhand. Laboratory bioassays conducted at 25°C, 30°C, and 35°C over two agricultural seasons (kharif 2023 and rabi 2023–24) revealed significant temperature-dependent modulation of all demographic parameters. The rm values increased substantially from 25°C to 30°C for all species, with the most dramatic response noted in N. lugens (rm = 0.187 d⁻¹ at 30°C vs. 0.143 d⁻¹ at 25°C), indicating accelerated population build-up under projected warming. Field validation conducted across six agro-ecological zones of Jharkhand corroborated these laboratory findings, with pest pressure indices correlating positively with deviation from historical mean temperatures (r = 0.78, p < 0.01). These findings underscore the urgent need for climate-responsive integrated pest management (IPM) strategies and predictive pest forecasting systems tailored to the unique agro-climatic context of Jharkhand.
Life table parameters, Climate variability, Integrated pest management, Thermal biology, Rice pests
Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Hydrogeochemical Assessment of Groundwater Quality in Jharkhand, India
Jharkhand sits on one of India's richest mineral deposits, and that geography comes with a cost. This study examines groundwater quality across three industrially active districts - Dhanbad, Bokaro, and Ramgarh - alongside two predominantly agricultural zones, Palamu and Gumla, used here as comparative controls. Between June 2022 and May 2023, we collected 148 groundwater samples from open wells, bore wells, and tube wells at bi-monthly intervals. Samples were tested for 23 physicochemical parameters and eight heavy metals. Water Quality Index (WQI) scores were calculated using the weighted arithmetic method. Results show that 67% of samples from the industrial belt fail to meet Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) drinking water criteria for at least one parameter. Iron concentration averaged 3.8 mg/L in Dhanbad - nearly four times the permissible limit of 1 mg/L. Arsenic exceeded BIS limits in 23% of Bokaro samples. Fluoride was problematic in Palamu (mean: 2.1 mg/L; BIS limit: 1.5 mg/L), which suggests geological inputs are adding contamination independent of industrial activity. WQI analysis classified 41% of industrial-zone samples as 'poor' and 18% as 'very poor.' Hierarchical cluster analysis separated samples into three hydrogeochemical groups, each with distinct contamination signatures. Coal mining drainage and iron ore processing appear to be the primary drivers of degraded water quality in the eastern districts, while fluoride problems in the west are geogenic
Groundwater quality, Jharkhand, Water quality index, Heavy metals
Positive Aspects of the Indian Knowledge System and Evaluation of Its Educational Dimensions
India has been a leader in the fields of knowledge and science since ancient times. The traditional Indian knowledge system has encompassed areas such as science, technology, art, architecture, culture, mathematics, and medicine. Indian science had already developed significantly in ancient times. It would not be an exaggeration to say that the tradition of Indian science is one of the oldest in the world. At a time when nomadic tribes in Europe were still learning to establish settlements, the people of the Harappa in India had already begun living in well-planned cities. Moreover, by that time, fields such as construction, metallurgy, textile production, and transportation systems had reached an advanced stage of development. With the arrival of the Aryans, the tradition of science in India developed further. During this period, science made remarkable progress in areas such as mathematics, astronomy, chemistry, astrology, medicine, and metallurgy. This scientific tradition began around 2000 years before the birth of Christ and remained highly advanced until about the 11th century CE. During this time, a long lineage of scholars and scientists developed—from Aryabhata, Varahamihira, Brahmagupta, Baudhayana, Charaka, Sushruta, Nagarjuna, and Kanada to Sawai Jai Singh II.
How Can Ancient Indian Physics and Chemistry Education Contribute Today?
India has been a leader in the fields of knowledge and science since ancient times. Our traditional Indian knowledge system has developed across various domains such as science, technology, art, architecture, culture, mathematics, medicine, and more. Indian science had already advanced significantly in ancient times. It would not be an exaggeration to say that the tradition of Indian science is one of the oldest in the world.t a time when nomadic tribes in Europe were still learning to establish settlements, the people of Harappa in India were already living in well-planned cities. Moreover, by that time, fields such as construction, metallurgy, textile production, and transportation systems had reached an advanced stage of development. With the arrival of the Aryans, the tradition of science in India developed even further. During this period, science made remarkable progress in areas such as mathematics, astronomy, chemistry, astrology, medicine, and metallurgy. This scientific tradition began around 2000 years before the birth of Christ and remained highly developed until about the 11th century CE. During this time, a long lineage of scientists emerged—from Aryabhata, Varahamihira, Brahmagupta, Baudhayana, Charaka, Sushruta, Nagarjuna, and Kanada to Sawai Jai Singh.
A Critical Analysis of the Taxation System in Medieval India
The economic history of medieval India has been reconstructed by historians on the basis of inscriptions, coins, monuments, religious literature, and accounts of foreign travelers. Compared to the medieval period, the ancient period witnessed the composition of a larger number of historical texts. Contact with foreign Muslim rulers led to the development of a new philosophical outlook within Indian society, which directed human attention not only toward spirituality but also toward the material world during this period. Consequently, alongside religious and philosophical texts, numerous authentic works are found in Persian and Arabic literature of the Sultanate and Mughal periods. Most of the authors of these works were foreign Turkish and Afghan rulers or scholars. These writers were interested in the progress of Islam in India, as well as in political and economic matters within the framework of Islamic governance. In the present research paper, it is argued that these texts were neither entirely impartial nor written strictly on the basis of scientific reasoning. However, due to the scarcity of alternative sources, they remain indispensable for reconstructing the historical knowledge of the medieval period. From an economic perspective, their use is highly valuable, as they provide insights into the socio-political, economic, and cultural conditions of Indian society at the time, including aspects of deprivation and exploitation. Furthermore, to systematize historical understanding, it is essential to correlate these research materials with currently available resources and the critical literary analyses preserved in libraries, which play a crucial role in reconstructing the past.
Medieval, India, Economic History, Critical Analysis
Kampil (Kampilya): A Religious, Historical, and Archaeological Study of the Southern Capital of Ancient Panchala
Kampilya—presently known as Kampil, a village in the Farrukhabad district of Uttar Pradesh—was once the capital of Southern Panchala, one of the sixteen Mahajanapadas of ancient India. For nearly three millennia, it stood at the confluence of Vedic, Jain, and Buddhist cultures. In Jain tradition, it is revered as the birthplace of the thirteenth Tirthankara, Vimalanatha. The Mahabharata identifies it as the site of Draupadi’s swayamvara. The Puranas describe it as unparalleled, while the Buddhist Jataka tales also recall its significance. Despite such rich historical, religious, and cultural associations, it remains largely neglected in modern scholarship. This paper seeks to reconstruct the historical reality of Kampilya through an analysis of Jain Agamas, Hindu Puranas, epic literature, Buddhist sources, inscriptions, and archaeological findings, while also raising the critical question of why such an important site has been so profoundly overlooked.
Kampilya, Panchala, Vimalanatha, Tirthankara, Jain pilgrimage, Drupada, Draupadi, Farrukhabad
CYANOLIPIDS: STRUCTURE, CYANOGENESIS, DISTRIBUTION, AND BIOSYNTHESIS IN SAPINDACEOUS PLANTS
Cyanolipids constitute a rare and specialized class of nitrogen-containing plant lipids predominantly localized within the botanical family Sapindaceae. These compounds are structurally defined by long-chain fatty acids esterified to a cyanohydrin moiety, serving dual physiological functions as both formidable defensive metabolites and dynamic reservoirs of reduced nitrogen. Upon enzymatic or chemical hydrolysis, cyanolipids release hydrogen cyanide through a process known as cyanogenesis, acting as a potent deterrent against herbivory and pathogenic invasion. This paper provides a comprehensive academic overview of cyanolipid structural taxonomy, restricted ecological distribution, and the mechanisms governing their cyanogenic activation. Furthermore, we propose a structured methodological framework for the extraction, structural elucidation, and evaluation of these unique lipids. By synthesizing current biochemical knowledge and outlining targeted analytical workflows, this research aims to bridge existing gaps in the study of cyanolipid biosynthesis and ecological utility.
Cyanolipids, Cyanogenesis, Sapindaceae, Hydrogen Cyanide, Plant Defense, Secondary Metabolites
PONGAMIA PINNATA: AN HEIRLOOM HERBAL MEDICINE
Pongamia pinnata, or Karanja or Indian Beech has been among the pillars of ancient Indian medicine and invaluable ecological resource. It is a popular Ayurvedic, Siddha, and Unani medicine, an indigenous Indian sub-continental plant with centuries of human experience of its vast curing power. A rich constitution of bioactive compounds, which are flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids and fatty acids, are found in the leaves, seeds and oil and basically characterizes its medicinal image. More recent scientific findings support these old claims and demonstrate that P. pinnata is a good antioxidant, anti-microbial agent, anti-inflammatory, anti-glycemia and anti-wound-healing agent. Furthermore, its application is significantly broader since farmers apply it to improve the soil, environmentalists to restore the land and engineers to make the oil a possibly promising source of clean biofuel. The current paper will build a progressive argument of how P. pinnata has evolved into a modern medicine and environmental resource as well as a traditional medicine and how intergenerational ethnomedicinal knowledge is connected to the scientific paradigm of drug development
Pangamia, Herbal medicine, Drug development, Bioactive compound