Knowledgeable Research A Multidisciplinary Journal
Knowledgeable Research (KR), (ISSN: 2583-6633) CODEN: KRABAU an International open-access peer-reviewed refereed monthly journal publishes quality-oriented articles and research papers on Education, Humanities, Social Sciences, Science, Tourism, Hospitality and Management, Linguistics, Information, and Communication Technology, Business, and others. Knowledgeable Research (KR) provides immediate open access to its content on the principle of making research freely accessible to scholars and academicians for a greater global exchange of knowledge. Frequency: Monthly
Society for Academic Facilitation and Extension (Regd.) 53-Karamchari Nagar, Bareilly, 243001 (UP) India
Assessment of Water Quality and Its Relationship with Fish Diversity
Freshwater fish are like the river’s early warning system, they reveal more about water health than any single lab test. I selected three sites along the Ramganga River near Bareilly in Uttar Pradesh and sampled them monthly from June 2023 through November 2024, measuring dissolved oxygen, pH, BOD, Nitrates, Phosphates, Turbidity, and Coliforms. Fish assemblages were surveyed each season using electrofishing and gill nets. I found 22 fish species across 13 families. Urbanization left a clear mark. Site C, downstream of Bareilly, held only five species — all tough, pollution-tolerant survivors. Site A upstream had 14, including Catla catla and Tor tor, which only show up in clean, well-oxygenated water. The Shannon-Wiener index tracked this gap: 2.61 at Site A, 0.97 at Site C. Fish diversity correlated tightly with oxygen (r = 0.91, p < 0.01) and inversely with BOD (r = −0.87, p < 0.01).
Ramganga River; dissolved oxygen; fish biodiversity; Shannon-Wiener index; Index of Biotic Integrity; Bareilly; water pollution indicators
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Demographic Responses of Insect Pest Populations to Climate Variability: A Regional Study of Jharkhand
Climate change has emerged as one of the most critical drivers reshaping the population dynamics and demographic profiles of insect pest communities worldwide. Jharkhand — a state nestled in the tribal heartland of eastern India — presents a compelling case study, where shifting monsoon patterns, rising mean temperatures, and increasingly erratic rainfall regimes are quietly rewriting the ecology of agricultural pest species. This study investigates the age-specific life table parameters, intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm), net reproductive rate (R₀), doubling time (DT), and finite rate of increase (λ) of four economically significant insect pest species: the rice leaf folder (Cnaphalocrocis medinalis), the stem borer (Scirpophaga incertulas), the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda), and the brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens), under three distinct thermal regimes mirroring observed and projected climate scenarios in Jharkhand. Laboratory bioassays conducted at 25°C, 30°C, and 35°C over two agricultural seasons (kharif 2023 and rabi 2023–24) revealed significant temperature-dependent modulation of all demographic parameters. The rm values increased substantially from 25°C to 30°C for all species, with the most dramatic response noted in N. lugens (rm = 0.187 d⁻¹ at 30°C vs. 0.143 d⁻¹ at 25°C), indicating accelerated population build-up under projected warming. Field validation conducted across six agro-ecological zones of Jharkhand corroborated these laboratory findings, with pest pressure indices correlating positively with deviation from historical mean temperatures (r = 0.78, p < 0.01). These findings underscore the urgent need for climate-responsive integrated pest management (IPM) strategies and predictive pest forecasting systems tailored to the unique agro-climatic context of Jharkhand.
Life table parameters, Climate variability, Integrated pest management, Thermal biology, Rice pests
Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Hydrogeochemical Assessment of Groundwater Quality in Jharkhand, India
Jharkhand sits on one of India's richest mineral deposits, and that geography comes with a cost. This study examines groundwater quality across three industrially active districts - Dhanbad, Bokaro, and Ramgarh - alongside two predominantly agricultural zones, Palamu and Gumla, used here as comparative controls. Between June 2022 and May 2023, we collected 148 groundwater samples from open wells, bore wells, and tube wells at bi-monthly intervals. Samples were tested for 23 physicochemical parameters and eight heavy metals. Water Quality Index (WQI) scores were calculated using the weighted arithmetic method. Results show that 67% of samples from the industrial belt fail to meet Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) drinking water criteria for at least one parameter. Iron concentration averaged 3.8 mg/L in Dhanbad - nearly four times the permissible limit of 1 mg/L. Arsenic exceeded BIS limits in 23% of Bokaro samples. Fluoride was problematic in Palamu (mean: 2.1 mg/L; BIS limit: 1.5 mg/L), which suggests geological inputs are adding contamination independent of industrial activity. WQI analysis classified 41% of industrial-zone samples as 'poor' and 18% as 'very poor.' Hierarchical cluster analysis separated samples into three hydrogeochemical groups, each with distinct contamination signatures. Coal mining drainage and iron ore processing appear to be the primary drivers of degraded water quality in the eastern districts, while fluoride problems in the west are geogenic
Groundwater quality, Jharkhand, Water quality index, Heavy metals
Copyright (c) 2023 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Positive Aspects of the Indian Knowledge System and Evaluation of Its Educational Dimensions
India has been a leader in the fields of knowledge and science since ancient times. The traditional Indian knowledge system has encompassed areas such as science, technology, art, architecture, culture, mathematics, and medicine. Indian science had already developed significantly in ancient times. It would not be an exaggeration to say that the tradition of Indian science is one of the oldest in the world. At a time when nomadic tribes in Europe were still learning to establish settlements, the people of the Harappa in India had already begun living in well-planned cities. Moreover, by that time, fields such as construction, metallurgy, textile production, and transportation systems had reached an advanced stage of development. With the arrival of the Aryans, the tradition of science in India developed further. During this period, science made remarkable progress in areas such as mathematics, astronomy, chemistry, astrology, medicine, and metallurgy. This scientific tradition began around 2000 years before the birth of Christ and remained highly advanced until about the 11th century CE. During this time, a long lineage of scholars and scientists developed—from Aryabhata, Varahamihira, Brahmagupta, Baudhayana, Charaka, Sushruta, Nagarjuna, and Kanada to Sawai Jai Singh II.
How Can Ancient Indian Physics and Chemistry Education Contribute Today?
India has been a leader in the fields of knowledge and science since ancient times. Our traditional Indian knowledge system has developed across various domains such as science, technology, art, architecture, culture, mathematics, medicine, and more. Indian science had already advanced significantly in ancient times. It would not be an exaggeration to say that the tradition of Indian science is one of the oldest in the world.t a time when nomadic tribes in Europe were still learning to establish settlements, the people of Harappa in India were already living in well-planned cities. Moreover, by that time, fields such as construction, metallurgy, textile production, and transportation systems had reached an advanced stage of development. With the arrival of the Aryans, the tradition of science in India developed even further. During this period, science made remarkable progress in areas such as mathematics, astronomy, chemistry, astrology, medicine, and metallurgy. This scientific tradition began around 2000 years before the birth of Christ and remained highly developed until about the 11th century CE. During this time, a long lineage of scientists emerged—from Aryabhata, Varahamihira, Brahmagupta, Baudhayana, Charaka, Sushruta, Nagarjuna, and Kanada to Sawai Jai Singh.
A Critical Analysis of the Taxation System in Medieval India
The economic history of medieval India has been reconstructed by historians on the basis of inscriptions, coins, monuments, religious literature, and accounts of foreign travelers. Compared to the medieval period, the ancient period witnessed the composition of a larger number of historical texts. Contact with foreign Muslim rulers led to the development of a new philosophical outlook within Indian society, which directed human attention not only toward spirituality but also toward the material world during this period. Consequently, alongside religious and philosophical texts, numerous authentic works are found in Persian and Arabic literature of the Sultanate and Mughal periods. Most of the authors of these works were foreign Turkish and Afghan rulers or scholars. These writers were interested in the progress of Islam in India, as well as in political and economic matters within the framework of Islamic governance. In the present research paper, it is argued that these texts were neither entirely impartial nor written strictly on the basis of scientific reasoning. However, due to the scarcity of alternative sources, they remain indispensable for reconstructing the historical knowledge of the medieval period. From an economic perspective, their use is highly valuable, as they provide insights into the socio-political, economic, and cultural conditions of Indian society at the time, including aspects of deprivation and exploitation. Furthermore, to systematize historical understanding, it is essential to correlate these research materials with currently available resources and the critical literary analyses preserved in libraries, which play a crucial role in reconstructing the past.
Medieval, India, Economic History, Critical Analysis
Kampil (Kampilya): A Religious, Historical, and Archaeological Study of the Southern Capital of Ancient Panchala
Kampilya—presently known as Kampil, a village in the Farrukhabad district of Uttar Pradesh—was once the capital of Southern Panchala, one of the sixteen Mahajanapadas of ancient India. For nearly three millennia, it stood at the confluence of Vedic, Jain, and Buddhist cultures. In Jain tradition, it is revered as the birthplace of the thirteenth Tirthankara, Vimalanatha. The Mahabharata identifies it as the site of Draupadi’s swayamvara. The Puranas describe it as unparalleled, while the Buddhist Jataka tales also recall its significance. Despite such rich historical, religious, and cultural associations, it remains largely neglected in modern scholarship. This paper seeks to reconstruct the historical reality of Kampilya through an analysis of Jain Agamas, Hindu Puranas, epic literature, Buddhist sources, inscriptions, and archaeological findings, while also raising the critical question of why such an important site has been so profoundly overlooked.
Kampilya, Panchala, Vimalanatha, Tirthankara, Jain pilgrimage, Drupada, Draupadi, Farrukhabad
CYANOLIPIDS: STRUCTURE, CYANOGENESIS, DISTRIBUTION, AND BIOSYNTHESIS IN SAPINDACEOUS PLANTS
Cyanolipids constitute a rare and specialized class of nitrogen-containing plant lipids predominantly localized within the botanical family Sapindaceae. These compounds are structurally defined by long-chain fatty acids esterified to a cyanohydrin moiety, serving dual physiological functions as both formidable defensive metabolites and dynamic reservoirs of reduced nitrogen. Upon enzymatic or chemical hydrolysis, cyanolipids release hydrogen cyanide through a process known as cyanogenesis, acting as a potent deterrent against herbivory and pathogenic invasion. This paper provides a comprehensive academic overview of cyanolipid structural taxonomy, restricted ecological distribution, and the mechanisms governing their cyanogenic activation. Furthermore, we propose a structured methodological framework for the extraction, structural elucidation, and evaluation of these unique lipids. By synthesizing current biochemical knowledge and outlining targeted analytical workflows, this research aims to bridge existing gaps in the study of cyanolipid biosynthesis and ecological utility.
Cyanolipids, Cyanogenesis, Sapindaceae, Hydrogen Cyanide, Plant Defense, Secondary Metabolites
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
PONGAMIA PINNATA: AN HEIRLOOM HERBAL MEDICINE
Pongamia pinnata, or Karanja or Indian Beech has been among the pillars of ancient Indian medicine and invaluable ecological resource. It is a popular Ayurvedic, Siddha, and Unani medicine, an indigenous Indian sub-continental plant with centuries of human experience of its vast curing power. A rich constitution of bioactive compounds, which are flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids and fatty acids, are found in the leaves, seeds and oil and basically characterizes its medicinal image. More recent scientific findings support these old claims and demonstrate that P. pinnata is a good antioxidant, anti-microbial agent, anti-inflammatory, anti-glycemia and anti-wound-healing agent. Furthermore, its application is significantly broader since farmers apply it to improve the soil, environmentalists to restore the land and engineers to make the oil a possibly promising source of clean biofuel. The current paper will build a progressive argument of how P. pinnata has evolved into a modern medicine and environmental resource as well as a traditional medicine and how intergenerational ethnomedicinal knowledge is connected to the scientific paradigm of drug development
Pangamia, Herbal medicine, Drug development, Bioactive compound
Multi-objective Integrated Modeling of Resource Utilization For Stability of Port Operating System
In this paper, a novel heart-shaped UWB antenna with quintuple band-notched characteristics is proposed and demonstrated. The proposed antenna has a small size of 26 mm by 34 mm and it consists of a heart-shaped radiating element, a microstrip feed-line and ground planes with round corners. The measured results show that the proposed antenna has an ultrawideband(UWB) frequency range from 2.23 to 10.75 GHz with VSWR (voltage wave standing ratio) less than 2, except in the frequency bands of 2.31 to 2.62 GHz, 3.35 to 3.79 GHz, 5.14 to 5.9 GHz, 7.12 to 7.76 GHz and 8 to 8.43 GHz for filtering some existing narrowband communication systems such as WLAN (wireless local area networks), WiMAX (worldwide interoperability for microwave access), downlink of X-band satellite communication and ITU (International Telecommunication Union) 8-GHz band, respectively. The simulated and measured results of proposed antenna are in good correlation. It also has good omnidirectional radiation patterns and gain characteristics in the required frequency bands.
UWB antenna, quintuple band notched, heart-shaped
India's Soft Power Policy in South Asia and Its Effectiveness
This research paper first explains the situation in South Asia and India's central role in it. Subsequently, while attempting to understand the need for India's security and foreign policy in this region, it discusses India's hard power policy and soft power policy in this region in parallel. Following this, an effort is made to understand the concept of soft power. Furthermore, analyzing Indian soft power, an attempt has been made to understand its use by India in South Asia so far and its effectiveness. This research paper concludes by understanding the potential for India to implement its soft power policy in South Asia and its possible outcomes
South Asia, Foreign Policy, Soft Power, Hard Power, Smart Power, Indian Culture, Cultural Diplomacy
Lord Rama is a symbol of public faith and the epitome of righteousness
The personality of Lord Rama holds a central place in Indian cultural, religious, and philosophical traditions, and he is widely accepted as a symbol of piety, moral discipline, and ideal leadership. Venerated as the epitome of righteousness (Maryada Purushottam), Lord Rama represents the highest ideals of human conduct, exemplifying unwavering dedication to truth, justice, and duty. The present study examines the significance of Rama as a symbol of public faith and moral values in Indian society. Through a qualitative analysis of ancient texts such as the Ramayana and the Ramcharitmanas, as well as interpretations by scholars, this research analyzes various dimensions of Rama’s character—the ideal son, ideal king, ideal husband, ideal brother, and moral leader. This study also elucidates how the ideals associated with Rama—such as piety, sacrifice, compassion, and ethical governance—have profoundly influenced cultural traditions, religious faiths, and social values over the centuries. Furthermore, the study highlights the contemporary relevance of Rama’s ideals in inspiring moral leadership, social harmony, and responsible citizenship in modern society. The findings suggest that the life and teachings of Lord Rama continue to inspire individuals and communities today, as they provide a timeless moral compass that strengthens public faith and reaffirms the importance of righteousness and justice in personal and social life
Maryada Purushottam, Lord Rama, Public Faith, Ramayana, Dharma, Ram Rajya, Moral Leadership
Women's Discourse in Modern Hindi Novels
Women's discourse in modern Hindi novels has emerged as a significant foundation for the multi-dimensional analysis of women's existence, identity, freedom, and social status. This research paper outlines the journey of women from their traditional image to a modern, autonomous personality. From Munshi Premchand's realistic approach to the ideological progressiveness of Krishna Sobti, Mannu Bhandari, and Mridula Garg, an in-depth study of the development of female consciousness has been conducted.
Women's Discourse, Female Identity, Patriarchy, Modern Hindi Novels, Gender Equality, Self-Reliance
Thermal conductivity enhancement of asbestos reinforced phenolic resin frictional composites by Abaqus-Python
The main problem of using organic frictional materials as brake lining materials is to solve the problem of stability of friction coefficient and wear rate; to prevent the dramatic temperature rise during braking and thermal decomposition of the resin matrix. To solve this problem, it is common to add materials with good thermal conductivity such as graphite, but at the same time there is disadvantage of low friction coefficient. Thus, to maintain a constant friction coefficient and also to improve the thermal conductivity of the material sufficiently, it is necessary to determine not only the optimum composition of the other fillers but also the binder and reinforcement components of the friction composite. Recently, the wide application of various engineering analysis programs and optimization algorithms has attracted considerable attention in increasing the speed and accuracy of material design and saving much cost. In this paper, a method for predicting the thermal conductivity of asbestos frictional composites with Abaqus-Python is proposed and the optimum composition is determined using PSO algorithm. We have manufactured composite specimens of the corresponding composition and tested for friction coefficient, wear rate and thermal conductivity measurements, and the simulated result goes will with experimental result.
Random particle reinforced composite, Thermal Conductivity, RVE, ABAQUS
JunIl Jin,PhyongIl Jang,CholHyok Song and JuSong Jong
Quintuple Band Notched Small Monopole Antenna for UWB Applications
A planar CPW-fed quad-port multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna with high isolation is proposed for ultra-wideband (UWB) applications. This antenna is printed on low-cost FR-4 substrate with dielectric constant of 4.3 and its overall size is 50 × 50 × 1.6 mm3. The measured results show that the operating bandwidth with 10 dB return loss is about 8.8 GHz (3.2-12GHz). High isolation of 20dB between four radiating elements is acquired by etching new strip structure on the substrate. Furthermore, the antenna has a simple planar structure, easy fabrication and low cost. Good radiation characteristics and acceptable peak gains are obtained over the operating bands. Good agreement between the simulated and the measured results can be observed
UWB application, MIMO antenna, isolation
Un Chol Kim,Ung Ho Ji,Myong Su Song,Tae Sob U and Hyok Bom Pak
Relationship Between Pornography Addiction and Students’ Academic Performance in Oshimili North Local Government Area of Delta State
This study examined the relationship between pornography addiction and academic performance among secondary school students in Oshimili North Local Government Area of Delta State, Nigeria. A correlational survey design was adopted, with a sample of 250 Senior Secondary 2 and 3 students selected from five public schools using random sampling. Data were collected using two instruments: the Pornography Addiction Scale (PAS) and the Academic Performance Scale (APS), both validated by experts and demonstrating high reliability (α = 0.90). Statistical analyses, including Pearson correlation, regression analysis, and Fisher’s Z-test, were conducted at a 0.05 level of significance. The findings revealed a significant relationship between pornography addiction and students’ academic performance, with gender also influencing this relationship. Based on these results, the study recommends the establishment of functional counselling units in schools to support affected students. It also emphasizes the need for regular guidance programmes addressing socio-personal and behavioural issues to promote healthy lifestyles and improved academic outcomes
Pornography Addiction, Academic Performance, Secondary School Students, Gender Differences
Nwachukwu, Ekene Jude and Dr. Ossai,Moses Chukwugi
Design and implementation of quad-port MIMO antenna with high isolation for UWB applications
In this paper, a novel heart-shaped UWB antenna with quintuple band-notched characteristics is proposed and demonstrated. The proposed antenna has a small size of 26 mm by 34 mm and it consists of a heart-shaped radiating element, a microstrip feed-line and ground planes with round corners. The measured results show that the proposed antenna has an ultrawideband(UWB) frequency range from 2.23 to 10.75 GHz with VSWR (voltage wave standing ratio) less than 2, except in the frequency bands of 2.31 to 2.62 GHz, 3.35 to 3.79 GHz, 5.14 to 5.9 GHz, 7.12 to 7.76 GHz and 8 to 8.43 GHz for filtering some existing narrowband communication systems such as WLAN (wireless local area networks), WiMAX (worldwide interoperability for microwave access), downlink of X-band satellite communication and ITU (International Telecommunication Union) 8-GHz band, respectively. The simulated and measured results of proposed antenna are in good correlation. It also has good omnidirectional radiation patterns and gain characteristics in the required frequency bands
Un Chol Kim,Hyok Bom Pak,Myong Su Song,Won Guk Kim and Il Ho Kim
Determinants of E-Learning Platform Adoption and Learning Outcomes in Adult Education Programmes in Post-COVID in Nigeria
The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted education systems globally and accelerated the adoption of digital learning technologies. In Nigeria, adult education programmes increasingly adopted e-learning platforms to maintain learning continuity during and after the pandemic. However, the level of adoption and its impact on learning outcomes remain uneven due to various technological, institutional, and learner-related challenges. This study examines the key determinants of e-learning adoption, including perceived usefulness, ease of use, digital literacy, internet accessibility, and institutional support. Using insights from technology adoption theories and existing literature, the paper analyzes how these factors influence learners’ willingness to use digital platforms and their effect on cognitive, affective, and skill-based outcomes. The findings reveal persistent challenges such as inadequate infrastructure, high internet costs, limited training, and weak policy implementation. The study concludes that while e-learning offers significant potential for expanding adult education, its success depends on improved infrastructure, effective support systems, and stronger institutional frameworks
Determinants, E-Learning Platform, Adult Education Programmes, Post-COVID.
Dr. Chukwunweike Barnabas Onyesom and OVIAWE Isoken Iyore
Public Funding Mechanisms and Service Delivery Outcomes in Adult and Non-Formal Education in Nigeria
Adult and non-formal education are essential for promoting literacy, lifelong learning, and socio-economic development, especially in developing countries like Nigeria where many people lack access to formal schooling. However, the effectiveness of these programmes is significantly limited by inadequate and poorly structured public funding systems. This paper examines how public funding mechanisms influence service delivery in adult and non-formal education in Nigeria, using a conceptual and analytical approach based on existing literature and policy documents. It highlights the roles of federal, state, and local governments, along with international partners, in financing these programmes. The study finds that low budget allocations, delays in fund disbursement, weak accountability, and funding disparities hinder programme effectiveness. These issues lead to poor facilities, insufficient learning materials, unmotivated instructors, and limited access for learners. The paper concludes that stronger funding systems, better coordination, and improved financial management are crucial for enhancing adult education outcomes and supporting national development
Adult education, non-formal education, public funding mechanisms, service delivery outcomes, literacy programmes
Dr. Chukwunweike Barnabas Onyesom and Dr. Nyeche Gloria Joyce
Development, Poverty and Inequality in the Twenty-First Century World
In the late 2000s, multiple global crises intensified existing economic inequality and poverty, particularly in developing nations. These crises placed additional pressure on already vulnerable populations and exposed significant weaknesses in global governance systems designed to address poverty. Despite a growing international consensus on reducing human suffering, poverty levels remained high and inequality continued to widen. The challenges also raised concerns about achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), especially within the United Nations framework. This chapter examines the evolution of global governance in addressing poverty and inequality, tracing its roots to international development debates during the Bretton Woods era. It highlights the limited success of international organizations, bilateral aid, and non-state actors such as NGOs and financial institutions in reducing poverty and inequality. Although some progress has been made, especially in agriculture, it has been undermined by inadequate policies and resources. The chapter argues that meaningful change is possible but constrained by political resistance and lack of global consensus
Development, International Development, International Financial Institutions, Governance, Poverty, Inequality.
A Survey of Widowhood Practices In Edo State
This study surveyed widowhood practices in Edo State. Three (3) research questions were raised to guide the study. The study adopted the descriptive survey research design. The population of this study consists of all widows living in Edo State, Nigeria, who had gone through widowhood arrangements and the major instruments used for data collection was the questionnaire. The questionnaire was validated using the content method and the reliability was determined through test-retest method which produced a reliability index of 0.86. The data collected were analyzed using frequency count percentage and mean score analysis. A sample size of Three hundred (300) widows were purposively selected from the major ethnic groups in Edo State which are Binis and Esan. All the respondents were identified as widows from their various communities in the States. This was selected through purposive sampling procedure. The findings of the study revealed that widows are confined to indoors practice throughout the period of mourning, subjected to oath taking exercise to prove they are not responsible for the death of their husband, forced to marry their late husband brothers, made to wear black or white mourning clothes and, their head, pubic areas and eye brows are also shaved during mourning. Though not too prevalent these days as it was in the past but in some places in Edo state, they still practice these inhuman acts, especially in the rural areas. It was recommended that; an aggressive enlightenment programme should be instituted to educate or provide the understanding on the problems associated with widowhood practices. It was further recommended that widows should also be encouraged and given the opportunity to engage in income generating or poverty alleviation programmes. This would help improve their lot and raise their dignity and respect.
Integrating Industry Based Electrical and Electronics Training into TVET Programmes for Entrepreneurial Skill Development and Sustainable Employment in Nigeria
Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) plays a pivotal role in equipping individuals with the technical, practical, and entrepreneurial competencies necessary for economic development and employment generation. In Nigeria, the effectiveness of TVET in addressing youth unemployment and fostering entrepreneurship has been limited by weak industry collaboration, inadequate practical exposure, and outdated training infrastructure. This opinion paper contends that integrating industry-based electrical and electronics training into TVET programmes can significantly enhance graduates’ entrepreneurial skills and promote sustainable employment. Drawing on recent scholarly literature, the paper underscores the importance of experiential learning, workplace attachments, and structured industry partnerships in bridging the gap between technical education and labour market requirements. It further illustrates how industry-integrated training strengthens technical competence, fosters innovation, and equips learners with the knowledge and skills necessary to establish viable technical enterprises. The paper concludes that strategic collaboration among government agencies, industries, and training institutions is essential to reposition electrical and electronics TVET as a catalyst for entrepreneurship, workforce readiness, and sustainable economic development in Nigeria.
Technical, Vocational Education Training, Industry, Electrical And Electronics Education, Entrepreneurship, Sustainable Employment
AI-Based Railway Accident Prediction and Prevention System
The issue of the safety of railways is particularly a challenge in the countries that have extensive and active rail systems such as India. The given research suggests an AI-driven solution that will help to predict and prevent railway accidents. It does so by constantly checking the state of the operations and detecting the possible hazard in real time. The system is based on the idea of computer vision, sensor fusion, and predictive analytics processing data obtained by cameras and IoT-sensors deployed on the railways and on trains. An intelligent centralized AI unit with edge computing can help make fast decisions and react promptly to threatening circumstances. Early warnings can be given through this system and there are automated safety options such as the gate controls, alert systems and track-switching support system. The primary aim is to minimize the non-compliance, enhance the safety in the crossings, and enhance the overall operational reliability. Also, the system is equipped with microcontroller-based automation that can guarantee rapid and effective safety measures. The proposed system provides an effective and low-cost answer to the present day railway system by minimizing human participation, and bypassing the time delay caused by manual decision-making
Artificial Intelligence, Computer Vision, Predictive Analytics, IoT Sensors, Railway Safety, Embedded Systems
Sundeep Kumar Awasthi and Er. Anamika Shukla
The Vernacular Pivot: Evaluating AI-Driven Voice Search and Multilingual Content in Rural Indian Consumer Engagement
As India traverses its "Techade," the digital divide is being bridged not by English-centric interfaces, but by a "Vernacular Pivot." This paper investigates the role of AI-driven voice search and multilingual content in engaging the "Next 500 Million" consumers in rural India. Through a mixed-methods approach involving a survey of 400 rural respondents and secondary data analysis from 2024–2026 reports (IAMAI, Kantar, and ONDC), the study reveals that voice-first interfaces reduce the "literacy barrier" by 64%, significantly boosting e-commerce adoption. The findings suggest that AI-driven linguistic inclusion is no longer a luxury but a strategic necessity for brands aiming for deep market penetration
Vernacular AI, Voice Search, Rural Marketing, Multilingual Content, Digital Inclusion, ONDC, Bhashini.
THE VIRTUES OF KARMA IN SHAKESPEARE’S PLAY THE MERCHANT OF VENICE: A TIMELESS TALE OF PEDAGOGICAL EXPLORATION
In civilised society traders and their trade practices are there in market since ages, throughout the world, irrespective of race, religion, caste, and creed. Here Shakespeare barely decipher the surface level of trade practices in renaissance period based on the surrounding vicinity where he dwells and puts forth along with fantacised fictional character in the play. This paper ponders on those intertwined trade practices (modus operandi) and tried to show that some characters which are antagonist and protagonist based on the situation the character stands in the play. Being an avid reader feels like spilled beans in between the play, So understanding in layman terms that Shakespeare putforth all perplex things in a small nut shell and feels easy to grasp, and a puzzle to understand deep mystery pandora box simultaneously. This play sometimes looks like linear and nonlinear in nature, due to juxtaposition. Karma in the play is like Newtons third law, which is well reflected based on the characters deed. There is not any spoiler in between play.
Trade, Decipher, Intertwined, Spilled beans, Karma, and Deed.
Challenges In Prosecuting Digital Arrest Crimes Across Jurisdictions
The enormous growth of information and communication technologies has supported the rise of advanced types of cyber-based fraud which is usually referred to as digital arrest crimes where the fraudsters claim to be law enforcement or regulation officials so that victims submit to intimidation, surveillance allegations, and legal threats. Such crimes are transnational in nature: criminals cross the borders with anonymization tools, spoof identities, encrypted communications, and systems of cross-border payments, and victims and digital evidence can be located in different jurisdictions. In this paper, the author critically evaluates the main issues in prosecuting the digital crimes of arrest across the jurisdictions with the emphasis on the areas of jurisdiction conflict, the issues of evidences and the inconsistencies in the substantive and procedural cybercrime laws. It examines the disintegration of national legal systems and the pragmatic constraints of the international cooperation systems, such as the Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty (MLAT) procedures and harmonisation projects under the instruments such as the Budapest Convention on Cybercrime. This paper contends that current territorial traditions of criminal jurisdiction are becoming ineffective in dealing with transnational digital coercion programs and that more procedural harmonisation, faster data-sharing structures, and capacity-building are key. Placing digital arrest crimes into the broader context of sovereignity, due process, and control of technology, this study makes a contribution to the discussion on enhancing transnational cybercrime prosecution and protecting basic rights in a global digital environment.
Digital Arrest Crimes; Cross-Border Cybercrime; Jurisdictional Conflict; Mutual Legal Assistance (MLAT); Digital Evidence; Cybercrime Prosecution
Biological risk factors affecting fish growth and health in freshwater ecosystems of Inland fisheries of North 24 Parganas
Freshwater inland fisheries of North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India, represent a critical resource for rural livelihoods, food security, and regional economic development. However, the health and productivity of fish populations in this region face multifaceted biological threats that remain inadequately documented and scientifically evaluated. Through a systematic review of available literature, field survey data, and fisheries extension reports from the region, this study identifies Aeromonas hydrophila, Edwardsiella tarda, ectoparasites such as Argulus spp. and Dactylogyrus spp., and proliferating populations of introduced exotic species as primary biological stressors impacting native and cultivated fish species including Catla catla, Labeo rohita, Cirrhinus mrigala, Channa striata, and Mystus vittatus. The paper further analyses the interaction between biological risk factors and the prevailing environmental conditions of the Bidyadhari and Jamuna river systems, the Sundarban-fringe water bodies, and the numerous bheris (tidal ponds) and culture ponds spread across the district.Findings indicate that polyculture systems in the district suffer an estimated 15–30% annual production loss attributable to biological stressors, with disease outbreaks predominantly occurring during the monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Strategic recommendations are provided for integrated disease management, biosecurity protocols, stocking density regulation, and genetic stock improvement to sustain and enhance the fisheries productivity of North 24 Parganas.
Copyright (c) 2026 Malay Roy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A quality lifestyle is the foundation of a healthy life. The changing lifestyle and deteriorating health, in the name of so-called modernity, have become a significant part of our daily routine. Today, we are more friendly with technology than with nature. The increasing distance from nature, excessive attachment to technology, and lack of time have brought us closer to an artificial lifestyle. Due to this artificiality, lifestyle-related problems are increasing. Today, there is no shortage of facilities in the field of medicine, yet the number of patients is rising. A natural lifestyle enhances an individual's productivity, whereas an artificial daily routine reduces productivity. The root causes of moving away from nature and gravitating toward an artificial lifestyle are changes in our value system and cultural ethos, increasing population, declining morality, dependence on technology, physical inactivity, a disturbed biological clock, professional pressures, lack of strong determination, unhealthy habits, the desire for progress, and so-called development.
Lifestyle, Health, Modernity, Technology, Nature.
The evolution of the Indian monetary system reflects the broader transformation of the country’s economic structure and financial institutions. In ancient India, economic transactions began with the barter system, where goods and services were directly exchanged without a standardized medium of value. Over time, the limitations of barter—such as the lack of a common measure of value and the problem of double coincidence of wants—led to the introduction of metallic coins during early civilizations and later under various dynasties and colonial administrations. With the development of organized banking and financial governance, paper currency emerged as the dominant medium of exchange, eventually regulated and issued by the Reserve Bank of India after its establishment in 1935. In the post-independence era, India’s currency system continued to modernize through banking expansion, electronic payment systems, and digital financial services. The rapid growth of fintech and the need for secure, efficient digital transactions have recently led to the introduction of the Digital Rupee (e₹), India’s Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC). Issued by the Reserve Bank of India, the Digital Rupee represents the latest stage in the evolution of money, combining the reliability of sovereign currency with the technological advantages of digital platforms. This progression—from barter to digital currency—highlights India’s continuous adaptation to economic, technological, and societal changes in the monetary landscape.
Barter system, Digital Currency, Economic structure, Monetary landscape, electronic payment system
Adulterants Used in Food Products and their Harmful Effects on the Human Body
Food is essential for every living thing of this earth. All the living thing eat food and get energy for their different type of activities or metabolic activities of daily routine. No doubt all the creatures of this earth organised need food for not only their growth their work repair of the body but also maintain to life process in full life. As need of different types of people various types of Vegetarian and Non-vegetarian food available the Earth. Every living things require food to their survive. But be sorry to say that in present time eating food is dangerous due to its adulteration. Now Food Adulteration is very major causes in all types of disease in mankind. Generally there is no doubt that Food Adulteration is most harmful causes for human body in whole world. Hear the simple meaning of adulteration is a legal term meaning that a illegal food to consume to people, in simple word in short. In present era it is a common process of contaminating food or adding to the food components is a common phenomenon in developing countries.
adulteration, adulterating, daily routine, foreign substance, increasing the quantity of food, non-vegetarian, life process, contaminating food, coloring agents, Colour Enhancement, Adulteration with no Intentional, chemical residues, Metallic Adulteration, immune system