Plagiarism is defined as the use of another person's ideas, text, data, images, or creative work without appropriate acknowledgement, regardless of whether the source is published, unpublished, or digital. This policy applies to all forms of plagiarism, including:

• Verbatim copying — reproducing text word-for-word without quotation marks and citation.
• Paraphrasing without attribution — rewording another's ideas without crediting the source.
• Self-plagiarism — reusing one's own previously published content without disclosure.
• Data and image appropriation — using figures, tables, or datasets without permission or citation.
• Mosaic plagiarism — assembling text fragments from multiple sources to obscure copying.
• Improper citation — citing sources in a misleading or inaccurate manner.

Before submitting any manuscript, authors are required to conduct a plagiarism check using a reliable detection tool. The following software is recommended for this purpose:

• iThenticate / Turnitin — industry-standard tools used by leading international journals.
• Urkund (Ouriginal) — widely used for cross-checking against academic sources.
• Grammarly / Plagiarism Detector — acceptable for pre-submission self-checks.

Submissions that contain plagiarised content — including improperly cited work — will be rejected or returned to the authors for revision without undergoing the peer review process.

All submitted articles are screened for plagiarism prior to being assigned to the Editorial Board. Screening is conducted using iThenticate or Turnitin (via Crossref Similarity Check). The Editorial Board applies contextual judgement — similarity arising from standard terminology, methodology descriptions, or properly cited quotations is distinguished from problematic matches.

The following thresholds govern editorial decisions. Note that the similarity index is an indicator, not the sole criterion — citation accuracy and context are assessed in every case.

Authors are expected to submit original work. If including others' work is necessary, proper citations and references must be provided. All authors should ensure that they have received written consent from other authors or institutions before incorporating their ideas or findings into the manuscript.

• All direct quotations must be enclosed in quotation marks and cited accurately.
• Any overlap with the authors' own prior publications must be disclosed and properly referenced.
• Use of unpublished data or correspondence from others requires their explicit written permission, noted in the Acknowledgements.

The journal reserves the right to verify plagiarism reports using various detection tools. If plagiarism is detected, authors will be notified immediately and may be asked to provide a revised manuscript or a justification for the similarities. Any articles with identified plagiarism will not proceed to peer review without addressing the issues.